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QUESTION

 Data collection and Analysis procedures   

For both parts are based on CH1-2 attached and on Method-participant files attached:

1. Data Collection

Submit Research Data Collection Procedures: Submit Research Data Collection Procedures:
The candidate will provide a concise but thorough description of the steps used to collect data from the participants. For any other methods of data collection provide a complete description of all processes.

Paper should be 3 pages for discussion or data collection procedures.

2. Analysis Procedures

The candidate describes the analysis of the data that will be performed as well as the specific steps taken. Researcher bias, validity, reliability and other research factors should be addressed as appropriate. Note, it is recommended to use the PRISMA guidelines for a systematic literature review (most theoretical studies).

Submit paper describing the data analysis process for your study. Paper should be 3 pages in length.

Also, I included a sample for data collections and analysis

Research Method

Participants

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Theoretical Research Method

The research method selected and adopted for the study was a theoretical review. This theoretical research method entails focusing on “extant theory that relates to the problem under study” (Creswell, 2009).  In this case, the method would entail exploring pertinent literature, that is, the literature relating to the role of genetics in predicting mental illness, more specifically genetic alterations/switches that lead to mental illnesses. To comprehend this method better, it is important to note that as the name suggests, it is rooted in exploration of theory, which is defined as “a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting the phenomena” (Kivunja, 2018: p. 45). Indeed, the chosen theoretical review, hence research method, would create a firm and strong foundation for not only facilitating further development of theory on the topic of study but also advancing knowledge about mental illnesses and the role of genetics in the same respect. By exploring and integrating perspectives and findings from various empirical studies, the theoretical research method gives the ability to address contextual research questions in a manner that a single study cannot.

Additionally, the theoretical research method, through exploration of pertinent literature, would offer an overview of aspects of the research (topic) that could be interdisciplinary and disparate. Besides uncovering meta-level evidence, this methodology is a good way of conducting a synthesis of research findings as to identify areas that perhaps need further research, an aspect considered very integral in coming up with theoretical frameworks as well as conceptual models. Indeed, the systematic literature review, the study’s specific theoretical research method, would give understanding of theory on mental illnesses and the role of genetic switches in causing such illness. This would be possible through the selection of “only those studies that meet specific criteria which reasonably confirm the rigor of the ‘evidence’ produced by a previously published study” (Ham-Baloyi & Jordan, 2016: p.121). More importantly, this theoretical method employs rigorous criteria in appraising the validity and reliability of previous research, hence settling on which ones to include and/or exclude.

Rationale for choice of the theoretical research method, more precisely a theoretical review, is rooted in its capability to “provide a mechanism for identifying the most robust evidence-based research from among the range of research studies being published” (Ham-Baloyi & Jordan, 2016: p.121). Thus, it would be effective in uncovering theory on the relationship between genetic alterations/switches and mental illnesses. It would be convenient in uncovering what research shows in relation to the research questions, thereby providing evidence of the causal effect (of genetic variations on mental illnesses). The method gives the researcher an opportunity to employ analytical and critical thinking while gaining in-depth knowledge on various research methods (as may have been used in studies previously published). It is a well-defined methodology that reduces the risk of bias when exploring the results of pertinent literature, and it can reveal the effects and facts of a given phenomenon as investigated across various settings using a variety of empirical methods.  Another reason for choosing the theoretical research method is its cost-effectiveness more so as compared to typical field research, which would require additional resources and time to conduct. Therefore, this method effectively addresses the challenge of time and resource constraint that is commonly encountered in research. Another aspect of the theoretical research method’s cost-effectiveness relates to the avoidance of lengthy and time-consuming ethical approval processes as there are minimal or negligible ethical issues to be considered. Being desk-based, it was preferred over other methods that would involve those processes as would be necessary against the backdrop of ethical considerations where human subjects would be involved.

Regarding study design, a non-experimental design was used. It entailed a systematic approach in which a detailed search strategy was employed in identifying relevant evidence pointing to the relationship between genetic variations/switches and mental illnesses. This study design was deemed appropriate because it would allow the researcher to critique and summarize as well as make inferences concerning the research topic, and that would include contextual thematic analysis based on what has been previously published about the topic. Other reasons informing this choice of study design included: 1) the fact that two of the three research questions were about causal relationships (specific genetic alternations and mental health, neural circuits and mental health functions) whose independent variables could not be manipulated, 2) the research questions were broad and explanatory, and were about what is likely to happen, for example when certain genetic variations occur. To emphasize, non-experimental research design was preferred over, say experimental design, because the main independent variable (mental health/illness) could not be manipulated. Additionally, two of the three research questions concerned causal relationships, as opposed to statistical relationships.

Participants Description

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) indicates that twenty five percent of US adults ranging from 18 years and above, and about 13% of Children between 8 to 15 years are diagnosed with a mental health disorder every year (Racks, 2019). Healthcare experts from the National Institute of Mental Health advocate that diagnosing the relationship between genetic and mental disorders can be based on the signs and symptoms of an individual. According to the experts, there are no genetic tests to confirm a diagnosis of mental disorder. Since the experiences and environment play a significant role in the emergence of mental disorder, no genetic test can be able to tell with accuracy who will and who will not suffer from a mental disorder. However, research indicate that genetics play an essential role in a person’s probability of developing a mental disorder (Da Silva et al., 2019). This study’s participants will include families with individuals suffering from mental disorders, to critically identify the relationship between genetics and mental health disorders.

The study will incorporate five families with individuals with mental disorders. These families are essential in this research due to different factors. For instance, medical experts from the NIMH emphasize that the probability of a person having a specific mental health disorder is often higher if other members of the family have that similar disorder (Racks, 2019). Although a psychological disorder can run in a family, there may be significant differences in the severity of symptoms among the family members. This indicates that one member in the family may have a mild case, while another has a more extreme psychological disorder. The study features families since they have the same genetics thus, they will provide accurate information concerning the relationship between genetics and mental health disorders.

The participants in this research will be selected and sampled from NIMH patient’s records, with the consent of the families and the healthcare providers from the organization. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is an organization aspiring to transform the comprehension and treatment of mental disorders through basic and clinical research to enhance prevention and treatment of psychological disorders (Racks, 2019). The institute’s headquarters and most administrative staff are located in the Neuroscience Center Building in Rockville, Maryland. Other administrative staff and most intramural scientific and clinical research staff are located in Buildings 31, 10 and 35 on the main NIH Campus in Bethesda, Maryland.

 

 

 

 

Subject Research Methodology Pages 8 Style APA

Answer

Genetics and Mental Health Disorders

Data collection

According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), twenty-five per cent of U.S. adults ranging from eighteen years and above and approximately thirteen per cent of children between eight and fifteen years are diagnosed with a mental health disorder every year (WHO, 2019). Healthcare providers from NIMH indicate that diagnosing the relationship between generic and mental disorders can be based on an individual’s signs and symptoms. According to NIMH experts, there are no genetic tests to confirm a mental disorder diagnosis (Coleman et al., 2019). Given that the environment and experiences play a vital role in developing mental disorders, no genetic tests can tell the accuracy of who will and who will not suffer from a mental disorder (Arnett et al., 2019). The data selected for this research was chosen through an extensive search of library databases such as PsychINFO, Google Scholar, and Psychology articles. The minority of the articles were selected within the California Southern University’s library database.

The study used government websites such as the National Center for Education Statistics, American College Health Association and, the National Institute of Mental Health were used for statistical information about the relationship between genetics and mental disorders in the families with an individual suffering from a mental disorder (WHO, 2019). The research’s Keywords include genetic alterations, family relations, mental health functions and neural circuits. Once reliable studies relevant to the research questions were identified, an analysis commenced of causes, common themes, and treatments regarding the relationship between genetics and mental health disorders.

The key concepts searched included; common factors contributing to inherited mental health disorders in the families selected, success in treatments involving positive psychology and CBT, as well as the influence of having one member in the family with a mental disorder, the severity of the disorder among the family members, The common journals that were used included Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, International Journal of Mental Health, and the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. A total of 112 articles and researches were also reviewed. The organization of these articles was made possible by an excel spreadsheet in which the article title, link, citation and theme were documented for easy access when necessary. These methods are essential comprehension to encourage research replication.

The data collection process also involved other processes, such as assessing the participants’ DNA. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the human genome is described as a complete set of genetic instructions for a person,  one version from the mother and one from the father (Abbas et al., 2019). Though the DNA from any of the individuals is roughly 99.9% identical, the variation in this tenth of a per cent is the source of human biological diversity. Inherited susceptibility to different illnesses, which emerge when a particular form of the gene fails to give correct instructions for function or trait, is one small fraction of this diversity (Zhao & Castellanos, 2016). To assess the unidentified gene, the data collection process features constructing finer maps for unknown gene location and functions and comparing the DNA of affected and unaffected individuals.

Bralten et al. (2018) indicate that the first step of identifying an illness related to genesis is collecting diagnostic information and blood samples from the affected individuals and their families. Blood samples were drawn from family members, and the blood cells were transformed to preserve them. The transformed cells, cell lines, were then used to make DNA in unlimited quantities permitting different researchers access to this source (Smoller et al., 2019). The art of these collection stages was in identifying the right participants. Those in which affected individuals have very similar symptoms are preferable, given that members of such a family are more probable of having the same form of the gene than a symptomatically diverse family (Yoshioka et al., 2016). Having valid and definitive criteria that accurately determine a significant diagnosis may make the difference between achievement and failure (Smoller et al., 2019). The actual research design selected in molecular genetics studies and selected participants who are closely allied, as indicated below:

Linkage studies

Linkage studies are broadly  utilized to detect and locate genes that determine mental disorders’ susceptibility. They are often based on identifying large, densely affected families so that the inheritance patterns of known sections of DNA, described as makers, are compared to the family’s transmission of the disorder (Yoshioka et al., 2016). If an identified maker can be correlated with the absence or presence of the disorder, this finding narrows the suspect gene’s location (Ramaswami & Geschwind, 2018). Significant strides in linkage analysis, including laboratory and statistical approaches, are increasing this measure’s power and decreasing its cost.

Linkage-disequilibrium studies

Linkage-disequilibrium studies in isolated population centres of the probability that the susceptibility genes for a significant disorder possibly emerged from one or few founding members. These studies were essential to data collection due to various reasons. For instance, they indicate that, whether isolation is geographic or cultural, fewer individuals in society’s genealogies affect fewer variations of the population’s illness genes (Meier & Deckert, 2019). Moreover, the group makers surrounding each of these susceptibility genes are likely to have similar variation, which further simplifies identification and data collection.

 

Association studies

Association studies rely on the researcher’s hypothesizing that a significant gene or genes may impact the disorder (Zhao & Castellanos, 2016). This type of study was essential to data collection. The researchers examined whether the participants with disorders have a diverse version of the gene than those without the disorder among related and unrelated people.

Data Analysis

A systematic analysis was utilized to evaluate the data in the research. Data analysis was guided by the PRISMA Flow Diagram, which describes the protocol used in a systematic evaluation. The PRISMA Flow Diagram protocol used in this research is indicated below.

Protocol and registration, such as the link to the Webb address and location of the article. In adhering to the PRISMA Flow Diagram, articles were first identified that provided valuable information about the research questions. After research articles were identified, they were organized in a spreadsheet by title, citation, link, and theme or sections, which comprised an intro, statistics, treatment and alternative perspective.

The eligibility criteria comprised the length of follow-up, peer-reviewed, year of publication and credibility. For eligibility, most research articles were published from 2015-2021 and came from peer-reviewed journals and sources. Studies published before the year 2015 were excluded, and articles that did not contribute to information relating to the research questions. Articles that discussed treatments other than positive psychology and CBT were excluded, and articles that included research that did not take place in the U.S.

            Information sources comprised database location and date of coverage. The data gathered for this research was selected through an extensive search of the library database, Google Scholar, and PsychArticles. The majority of the articles were located within the National Institute of Mental Health database, and a total of 112 articles from the past five years were assessed.

The search section included the search strategy and limits utilized. A combination of relevant terms in abstracts or article titles was searched in the advanced search field. And at least 10 articles were found using different combinations of keywords.

The study selection centred on screening and eligibility. Study selection in theoretical research was conducted by gathering credible articles and evaluating them for information relating to the proposed research questions. Screening articles were essential. The research studies identified provided information on the prevalence of the relationship between genetics and mental disorders among the selected families and treatments that were successful in reducing the inherited mental disorders. Articles that did not offer information associating with the topic or the research questions were screened out. The exclusion criteria comprised a publication years previous to 2015 and articles discussing modalities other than positive psychology or CBT to treat inherited mental disorders. Moreover, most studies discussed family’s with individuals who have a mental disorder in the United States and an effort was made to identify articles specific to this population.

In the data collection process, key aspects of the articles assessed were the approaches, results and evaluation given that they pertained to inherited mental disorders and treatment. Priority areas include how the data was collected in the researches, how conclusions were developed, and their contribution to the existing theoretical study.

New interpretations and conclusions were developed based on the studies evaluated. Characteristics of the research were examined, including how long the study took place, potential biases, and future implications or conclusions.

Risk of bias in individual researchers across studies. To reduce potential bias, opposing research and alternate perspectives were discussed. Moreover, articles in the study were both quantitative and qualitative. An effort was made to identify articles with larger sample sizes, extended post-treatment results and studies that can be generalized, thus reducing the overall bias.  Synthesis of results included combining the results of the studies. Study’s finding on the efficacy of CBT and positive psychology and common factors causing genetic, mental disorders in families with members suffering from a mental disorder.

Conclusively, a systematic review was performed to analyze existing literature relating to the research questions. Attempts to reduce overall bias in theoretical research involved identifying articles with larger sample sizes, publication within the past five years, peer-reviewed articles, and credible journals. Moreover, alternative perspectives were evaluated. In detailing research methodology, replication is essential for future research.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This question has been answered

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reference

Abbas, A., Haider, W., & Shan, A. (2019). Causes of mental illnesses: A survey on attendants of mentally ill patients. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 7(5), 55-58. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/229681327.pdf

Arnett, A. B., Trinh, S., & Bernier, R. A. (2019). The state of research on the genetics of autism spectrum disorder: Methodological, clinical and conceptual progress. Current Opinion in Psychology27, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.07.004

Bralten, J., Van Hulzen, K. J., Martens, M. B., Galesloot, T. E., Vasquez, A. A., Kiemeney, L. A., … & Poelmans, G. (2018). Autism spectrum disorders and autistic traits share genetics and biology. Molecular Psychiatry23(5), 1205-1212. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.98

Coleman, J. R., Gaspar, H. A., Bryois, J., & Breen, G. (2019). The genetics of the mood disorder spectrum: genome-wide association analyses of over 185,000 cases and 439,000 controls. Biological Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.10.015

Meier, S. M., & Deckert, J. (2019). Genetics of anxiety disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports21(3), 16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1002-7

Ramaswami, G., & Geschwind, D. H. (2018). Genetics of autism spectrum disorder. In Handbook of clinical neurology (Vol. 147, pp. 321-329). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63233-3.00021-X

Smoller, J. W., Andreassen, O. A., Edenberg, H. J., Faraone, S. V., Glatt, S. J., & Kendler, K. S. (2019). Psychiatric genetics and the structure of psychopathology. Molecular Psychiatry24(3), 409-420. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-017-0010-4

WHO (2019). Mental disorders. World health organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders (Accessed July 20, 2020).

Yoshioka, K., Reavley, N. J., Rossetto, A., & Nakane, Y. (2016). Associations between beliefs about the causes of mental disorders and stigmatizing attitudes: Results of a mental health literacy and stigma survey of the Japanese public. International Journal of Mental Health45(3), 183-192. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207411.2016.1204810

 

Zhao, Y., & Castellanos, F. X. (2016). Annual research review: discovery science strategies in studies of the pathophysiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders‐promises and limitations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry57(3), 421-439. https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jcpp.12503

 

 

 

 

 

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