- Descartes, recall, said we should doubt everything until we reach something we cannot doubt. Indeed, Descartes found this in the cogito: the idea that since he thinks, he must exist. C. S. Peirce, though, offers a unique set of objections to this method. What are these objections, respectively? Peirce outlined his ideas in “The Fixation of Belief” and “How to Make Our Ideas Clear,” respectively. Since in criticizing Descartes, Peirce is also delineating what pragmatism is, you will have to address that. In other words, how does Peirce simultaneously criticize other epistemological methods and set up pragmatism at the same time?
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