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Research Proposal: Evaluating the Salary Differences between Canadian-born and Immigrants

Table of Contents

Evaluating the Salary Differences between Canadian-born and Immigrants. 3

Introduction. 3

Research Questions. 4

Annotated Bibliography Summary. 4

Methodology. 5

Sampling Approach. 6

Measuring of Data. 7

Specific Research Techniques. 8

Challenges. 9

Conclusion. 9

References. 10

 Evaluating the Salary Differences between Canadian-born and Immigrants

Introduction

The implications of migration continue to manifest across various realms in Canada including securing employment and salary differences. Despite the struggles that foreign nationalities go through to achieve education in a host country and obtain employment, there are still other challenges which include disparities in the earnings. According to research, these differences have been attributed to favorable considerations given to the Canadian-born individuals in employment and high salaries (Hou & Coulombe, 2010). Foreign nationalities remain undermined as reflected in the challenges when seeking employment and the fact that they earn less than 30% salary compared to native individuals regardless of similar qualification (Fortin, Lemieux & Torres, 2016). This aspect has been described as undermining foreign education, an aspect that needs further evaluation to establish factors related to it and the implication to both the country and individuals.

Various factors characterize this difference in employment opportunities and salary levels between the Canadian-born and immigrants. These include gaps in skills and language. Statistics indicate that male immigrants earn 50% less in a week compared to native Canadian, while for females the difference is 44% (Fortin & Lemieux, 2015). Considering the language aspect as the foundation to this difference, immigrants mostly get eliminated from the selection process preliminaries based on their language background. This implies that workforce diversity remains under-established in Canadian organizations. This prejudice further extends in the number of foreign individuals working in the public and private organizations, and in particular those from Africa Continent (Hou & Coulombe, 2010). In this regard, this research proposal aims at evaluating the difference in salaries between the Canadian-born individuals and the immigrants as well as factors characterizing these disparities such as technical expertise and language barrier.

Research Questions

1. What makes up the gap difference in salary between the Canadian-born and immigrants?
2. What are the factors characterizing this difference?
3. What level of management and area do these differences exist?

Annotated Bibliography Summary

Fortin, N., Lemieux, T., & Torres, J. (2016). Foreign human capital and the earnings gap between immigrants and Canadian-born workers. Labour Economics, 41, 104-119. 

This study suggests that social prejudice is described by the imputation procedures used by the Canadian government which results in substantial heterogeneity in the wages of the Canadian-born and educated Canadians when compared to the foreign educated individuals in the country.

Girard, M., & Smith, M. (2013).Working in a regulated occupation in Canada: An immigrant–native born comparison.Journal of International Migration and Integration, 14(2), 219-244.

This study asserts on the salary difference based on the regulated and unregulated working environments for the different nationalities. Conclusively, this research identify that immigrants rarely have the opportunity to work in regulated environments and those who succeeded in obtaining such a chance, earn less than the native Canadians in the same level.

Hou, F., & Coulombe, S. (2010). Earnings gaps for Canadian-born visible minorities in the public and private sectors. Canadian Public Policy, 36(1), 29-43.

This article affirms to the salary aspect as a societal difference concluding that black immigrants earn less in a particular occupation as compared to their white counterparts in the public sector. Essentially, racial differences are still evident in the country which is the foundation of the wage disparities.

Jackson, A. (2010). Work and labour in Canada: Critical issues. Canadian Scholars’ Press

This book suggests that discrimination of blacks in the Canadian labor market is profound as reflected in the living conditions differences between the migrants and native Canadians.

Fortin, N. M., & Lemieux, T. (2015). Changes in wage inequality in Canada: An interprovincial perspective. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienned’économique, 48(2), 682-713.

This study concludes that there still lacks effective policies that bridge up the salary gaps between different nationalities in the employment sector.

Methodology

This study will adopt the mixed methodology approach. This will entail both qualitative and quantitative frameworks. Mixed methodology is selected based on its effectiveness in obtaining sufficient results for analysis. Besides, mixed methodology allows for both numerical results and conceptual frameworks in proving a given aspect making it more effective (Morse, 2016). In this regard, the research requires both numerical and theoretical aspects in the findings. Moreover, the stated hypothesis of Canadian discrimination against the black community concerning job placement and differences in the earning levels requires an affirmation that it is true. This informs on selecting the quantitative approach. On the other hand, qualitative approach entails the discovery of insights regarding the topic as well as offering an explanation of the ideas. In this study, besides the technical skills and language barrier as the main factors characterizing salary disparities, there is a possibility of other factors such as conventional structural frameworks and policies that do not acknowledge the current global trends of embracing workforce diversity. Besides, the racism aspect is diverse and still under evaluated with new ideas possible to establish from qualitative approach. Notably, while quantitative approach will entail statistics from Canadian websites and other sources such as StatisticsCanada and Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC), the qualitative approach will involve analysis of previous studies on the topic.

Sampling Approach

This study employs stratified sampling approach. Essentially, this method is described by the identification of a target population and selecting the population that will be used as the representative (Palinkas et al., 2015). Therefore since the comparison is between native Canadians and immigrants, the differentiation will be between the Francophone and blacks. The black community is selected based on it being the largely discriminated community according to research. On the other hand, the Francophone are among the majority Canadians thus a comparison between these two groups yields sound results. Besides, most of the information is centered on the blacks in Canada such as discrimination and racism both in the organization and the society thus the best-suited sampling population. In stratified sampling, it also involves choosing the most important variable amongst an assortment of them and using it as the foundation for understanding other factors. In this study, it entails evaluating variables such as literacy levels in the various populations, skills, and language barrier. These variables are evaluated with regards to the main element, salary, which conforms to stratify sampling requirements. Through stratified sampling, the difference in salary among the native Canadians and the black immigrants will be evaluated which provides insights to other factors such as discrimination and differences in language and skills.

Measuring of Data

As mentioned above various elements are evaluated in this study. Based on the annotated bibliography that analyses various studies related to this topic, this study evaluates three main relationships. These include the level of literacy versus salary, skills versus salary and language versus salary. The level of literacy will be evaluated based on the education of an individual. Examples of factors considered in this regard include individuals in the formal sector with various education qualifications according to their background. However, for comparison purposes in education levels across the same setups, the college education and degrees will be evaluated. Another factor in the study is the technical expertise and other skills. Measuring these skills will be centered on the organizational requirements when employing various individuals for different positions. As noted above, the discrimination and underestimation of other countries’ education is reflected in the limited consideration of other nationalities to secure certain employment opportunities despite having the academic qualifications. Language aspect and its relationship with salary will be measured according to the nationality differences. The racial discrimination is measured based on salary disparities on other nationalities such as Germany and Italy as compared to Africans. The salaries of the different groups will, on the other hand, be measured as provided in other sources. Through measuring the salary, literacy levels, skills, and language barrier, the difference between the levels of earnings between the nationalities is provided.

Specific Research Techniques

Two main research techniques used in this study entail official statistics and analyzing previous studies. Notably, these research techniques are centered on secondary sources where data has already been provided (Matthews & Ross, 2014). In the use of official statistics, it will involve visiting various websites such as those of the government and recording the information provided. In particular is the use of the Statistics Canada which focus on the quantitate method. Critical to note is that statistics Canada comprise of vast information and trends which are related to this study. Still considering the secondary data collection and various statistics, third party sources including newspapers and educational websites will be used as official quantitative sources. Through visiting the official statistics sources quantitative information is obtained.

In the analysis of previous studies, recent research articles that relates with the topic will be evaluated. Not only are academic studies used under the qualitative approach, but also the blogs and published newspaper articles which have cited the various official statistics such as Statistics Canada and ESDC. Besides, there are published assessments such as those by the labor market impact assessment (LMIA) and the social and development of Canada. Most of these previous studies have focused on issues related to the salary differences and ways through which they can be mitigated. In analyzing previous studies as the qualitative technique, each article is evaluated based on the specific variable it focuses on and the stated figures used for analysis.

Challenges

Studies are characterized by various challenges mostly affiliated with collection of data. Most of these setbacks are associated with various factors among them credibility of information (Cooper, 2016). In this research, major challenges include credibility of the results, the need to evaluate numerous sources and extrinsic influence on the findings. Considering the evaluation of vast information, it is based on the fact that the mixed methodology analyses various sources for use in the analysis. While the statistical approach of available data and comparison of the previous studies are the main approaches in this study, the results obtained require time for analysis to developing a sound conclusion. In the extrinsic influence, it is based on aspects such as variation in time between when the research was conducted and present. This also describes the credibility challenge of the results. Notably, through the use of secondary information, the obtained information is affected with regards to consistency in the facts. Besides, most of these sources are centered on the 2006 census. Therefore the one decade difference has an effect on the reliability of the results.

Conclusion

The issue of salary difference between native individuals and immigrants has been considered a critical social factor. In Canada, this difference is profoundly reflected when the Canadian-born are compared with the black immigrants. Canada’s discrimination on the African countries education has led to a huge margin in the salary difference despite the various races having the same qualifications. This research, therefore, aims at evaluating this difference while considering other factors such as literacy levels, skills and language barriers. The study employs the mixed methodology approach and stratified sampling technique to evaluate the secondary sources including official statistics and previous studies, blogs, and journals.