Answer

Genetics and Mental Health Disorders

Data collection

According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), twenty-five per cent of U.S. adults ranging from eighteen years and above and approximately thirteen per cent of children between eight and fifteen years are diagnosed with a mental health disorder every year (WHO, 2019). Healthcare providers from NIMH indicate that diagnosing the relationship between generic and mental disorders can be based on an individual’s signs and symptoms. According to NIMH experts, there are no genetic tests to confirm a mental disorder diagnosis (Coleman et al., 2019). Given that the environment and experiences play a vital role in developing mental disorders, no genetic tests can tell the accuracy of who will and who will not suffer from a mental disorder (Arnett et al., 2019). The data selected for this research was chosen through an extensive search of library databases such as PsychINFO, Google Scholar, and Psychology articles. The minority of the articles were selected within the California Southern University’s library database.

The study used government websites such as the National Center for Education Statistics, American College Health Association and, the National Institute of Mental Health were used for statistical information about the relationship between genetics and mental disorders in the families with an individual suffering from a mental disorder (WHO, 2019). The research’s Keywords include genetic alterations, family relations, mental health functions and neural circuits. Once reliable studies relevant to the research questions were identified, an analysis commenced of causes, common themes, and treatments regarding the relationship between genetics and mental health disorders.

The key concepts searched included; common factors contributing to inherited mental health disorders in the families selected, success in treatments involving positive psychology and CBT, as well as the influence of having one member in the family with a mental disorder, the severity of the disorder among the family members, The common journals that were used included Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, International Journal of Mental Health, and the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. A total of 112 articles and researches were also reviewed. The organization of these articles was made possible by an excel spreadsheet in which the article title, link, citation and theme were documented for easy access when necessary. These methods are essential comprehension to encourage research replication.

The data collection process also involved other processes, such as assessing the participants’ DNA. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the human genome is described as a complete set of genetic instructions for a person,  one version from the mother and one from the father (Abbas et al., 2019). Though the DNA from any of the individuals is roughly 99.9% identical, the variation in this tenth of a per cent is the source of human biological diversity. Inherited susceptibility to different illnesses, which emerge when a particular form of the gene fails to give correct instructions for function or trait, is one small fraction of this diversity (Zhao & Castellanos, 2016). To assess the unidentified gene, the data collection process features constructing finer maps for unknown gene location and functions and comparing the DNA of affected and unaffected individuals.

Bralten et al. (2018) indicate that the first step of identifying an illness related to genesis is collecting diagnostic information and blood samples from the affected individuals and their families. Blood samples were drawn from family members, and the blood cells were transformed to preserve them. The transformed cells, cell lines, were then used to make DNA in unlimited quantities permitting different researchers access to this source (Smoller et al., 2019). The art of these collection stages was in identifying the right participants. Those in which affected individuals have very similar symptoms are preferable, given that members of such a family are more probable of having the same form of the gene than a symptomatically diverse family (Yoshioka et al., 2016). Having valid and definitive criteria that accurately determine a significant diagnosis may make the difference between achievement and failure (Smoller et al., 2019). The actual research design selected in molecular genetics studies and selected participants who are closely allied, as indicated below:

Linkage studies

Linkage studies are broadly  utilized to detect and locate genes that determine mental disorders’ susceptibility. They are often based on identifying large, densely affected families so that the inheritance patterns of known sections of DNA, described as makers, are compared to the family’s transmission of the disorder (Yoshioka et al., 2016). If an identified maker can be correlated with the absence or presence of the disorder, this finding narrows the suspect gene’s location (Ramaswami & Geschwind, 2018). Significant strides in linkage analysis, including laboratory and statistical approaches, are increasing this measure’s power and decreasing its cost.

Linkage-disequilibrium studies

Linkage-disequilibrium studies in isolated population centres of the probability that the susceptibility genes for a significant disorder possibly emerged from one or few founding members. These studies were essential to data collection due to various reasons. For instance, they indicate that, whether isolation is geographic or cultural, fewer individuals in society’s genealogies affect fewer variations of the population’s illness genes (Meier & Deckert, 2019). Moreover, the group makers surrounding each of these susceptibility genes are likely to have similar variation, which further simplifies identification and data collection.

Association studies

Association studies rely on the researcher’s hypothesizing that a significant gene or genes may impact the disorder (Zhao & Castellanos, 2016). This type of study was essential to data collection. The researchers examined whether the participants with disorders have a diverse version of the gene than those without the disorder among related and unrelated people.

Data Analysis

A systematic analysis was utilized to evaluate the data in the research. Data analysis was guided by the PRISMA Flow Diagram, which describes the protocol used in a systematic evaluation. The PRISMA Flow Diagram protocol used in this research is indicated below.

Protocol and registration, such as the link to the Webb address and location of the article. In adhering to the PRISMA Flow Diagram, articles were first identified that provided valuable information about the research questions. After research articles were identified, they were organized in a spreadsheet by title, citation, link, and theme or sections, which comprised an intro, statistics, treatment and alternative perspective.

The eligibility criteria comprised the length of follow-up, peer-reviewed, year of publication and credibility. For eligibility, most research articles were published from 2015-2021 and came from peer-reviewed journals and sources. Studies published before the year 2015 were excluded, and articles that did not contribute to information relating to the research questions. Articles that discussed treatments other than positive psychology and CBT were excluded, and articles that included research that did not take place in the U.S.

            Information sources comprised database location and date of coverage. The data gathered for this research was selected through an extensive search of the library database, Google Scholar, and PsychArticles. The majority of the articles were located within the National Institute of Mental Health database, and a total of 112 articles from the past five years were assessed.

The search section included the search strategy and limits utilized. A combination of relevant terms in abstracts or article titles was searched in the advanced search field. And at least 10 articles were found using different combinations of keywords.

The study selection centred on screening and eligibility. Study selection in theoretical research was conducted by gathering credible articles and evaluating them for information relating to the proposed research questions. Screening articles were essential. The research studies identified provided information on the prevalence of the relationship between genetics and mental disorders among the selected families and treatments that were successful in reducing the inherited mental disorders. Articles that did not offer information associating with the topic or the research questions were screened out. The exclusion criteria comprised a publication years previous to 2015 and articles discussing modalities other than positive psychology or CBT to treat inherited mental disorders. Moreover, most studies discussed family’s with individuals who have a mental disorder in the United States and an effort was made to identify articles specific to this population.

In the data collection process, key aspects of the articles assessed were the approaches, results and evaluation given that they pertained to inherited mental disorders and treatment. Priority areas include how the data was collected in the researches, how conclusions were developed, and their contribution to the existing theoretical study.

New interpretations and conclusions were developed based on the studies evaluated. Characteristics of the research were examined, including how long the study took place, potential biases, and future implications or conclusions.

Risk of bias in individual researchers across studies. To reduce potential bias, opposing research and alternate perspectives were discussed. Moreover, articles in the study were both quantitative and qualitative. An effort was made to identify articles with larger sample sizes, extended post-treatment results and studies that can be generalized, thus reducing the overall bias.  Synthesis of results included combining the results of the studies. Study’s finding on the efficacy of CBT and positive psychology and common factors causing genetic, mental disorders in families with members suffering from a mental disorder.

Conclusively, a systematic review was performed to analyze existing literature relating to the research questions. Attempts to reduce overall bias in theoretical research involved identifying articles with larger sample sizes, publication within the past five years, peer-reviewed articles, and credible journals. Moreover, alternative perspectives were evaluated. In detailing research methodology, replication is essential for future research.

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