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- QUESTION
Title: Health in the community: Prevention and Provision Breast Cancer in the UK. Task 1: Report Task2: Newspaper Article.
“Breast cancer is responsible for the death of 1 in 12 women in the UK each year.” Investigate the prevention of breast cancer and provision of services in the community. This assignment consists of 2 Tasks:
Task 1 (criteria 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1): Investigative Report written using secondary research, into health promotion/prevention initiatives in respect of a health condition of your choice. ( Breast Cancer in the UK) Max words: 1,300 excluding bibliography.
Task 2 (criteria 3.2 & 3.3): Newspaper article written utilising both secondary and primary research as necessary; explaining and evaluating healthcare and social care services in respect of your chosen health condition. ( Breast Cancer UK) Max words: 1,200 excluding bibliography.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
The learner will: ASSESSMENT CRITERIA (Level 3)
The learner has achieved this outcome because s/he can:
1. Understand the concept of health and influences on health.
1.1 Explain the concept of health, giving examples of the physical, social and emotional aspects of health.
1.2 Evaluate the effect of personal behaviour, environmental factors and political influences on the health of the individual.
2. Understand the aims and approach of health promotion.
2.1 Evaluate the aims and approaches of primary, secondary and tertiary health promotion, as they relate to the target community and suggest improvements.
3. Understand the provision of services.
3.1 Explain the range of differing needs in
the target community.
3.2 Explain the range of services available to the target community.
3.3 Evaluate the extent to which needs are met by the services provided and suggest how services provided could be improved.
GD2 Application of Knowledge: makes use of relevant:
• facts
• theories
with both breadth and depth.
GD4 Use of information: Identifies new information from sources which are consistently appropriate
GD7 Quality: Taken as a whole demonstrates an excellent response to the demands of the brief/assignment.
To achieve the higher grades of Distinction:
(i) Your Report should contain a ‘title page’, ‘contents page’ and an ‘introduction’ [GD7]. (ii) Your title should be a ‘proposition’ to investigate [GD7]. (iii) You must include word counts at the end of your report and newspaper article [GD7]. (iv) You must evaluate all 3 health promotion approaches as they specifically relate to your health issue; spanning a period of at least 5 years where applicable [GD2]. (v) You will be expected to use the Harvard format for the bibliography with some accuracy [GD7].
For a Distinction: (i) Your Newspaper article will be expected to explain services provision from the public, voluntary and private health and social care sectors [GD4). (ii) You must give realistic proposals (bearing in mind current government policies and economic circumstances) for how services might be improved to better meet user needs [GD2). (iii) Annotate each section of your report and article with the relevant assessment criterion [GD7]. (iv) Grammar, punctuation, paragraph structure and spelling must be mostly accurate [GD7]. (v) You will be expected to use the Harvard system of referencing accurately [GD7].
Please, all the research are based for UK Health in the community: Prevention and Provision my choice Breast Cancer in Uk, consist in two tasks 1: Report, words count 1.300 and Task 2: Newspaper Article. words count 1200 including Havard references.
NB you do not need to format your pages into columns. Do not include pictures unless they will augment that which you are writing about. I uploaded into Additional Materials two files to follows with more instructions for health in the community: prevention and Provision including the all assignment brief. Please, I request grade a Distinction.
| Subject | Nursing | Pages | 10 | Style | APA |
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Answer
An Investigation on the Prevention of Breast Cancer and Provision of Services in the UK.
INTRODUCTION
In the UK, breast cancer has been proven to be the most prevalence type of cancer responsible for death of 1 in 12 women each year. Reports on facts and statistics reveal that in the UK, in every ten minutes one person is diagnosed with breast cancer with 99percent of the new cases of breast cancer being women. This report aims at examining the prevention of breast cancer and provision of services in the UK community.
DEFINITIONS
The most recent UK statistics on breast cancer conducted in 2015 indicated that about 55,122 cases of breast cancer had been reported that year which accounted for more than 11,563 deaths by 2016 (Torre 2017). Other than a breast lump, breast cancer may manifest in several other symptoms such as nipple discharge, pitted or skin dimpling, inflammation causing changes on skin texture, swelling of the lymph nodes, and breast or nipple tenderness. The type of treatment for breast cancer relies on the stage or the extent to which the cancer has spread. Regardless, medical professional highly recommend a multidisciplinary approach to treat breast cancer which involves an integration of various types of treatment. For instance, most patients in stages I-III are often treated with a combination of surgery, followed by radiation therapy and drug therapy in the form of chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or HER2 target drugs.
1.1 CONCEPT OF HEALTH
The term health goes beyond the mere assumptions of the absence of illness but rather, health includes the overall wellbeing of the mental, physical and social state. Physical health can be generically defined as a state of wellbeing whereby the entire body system including the cells, organs, and tissues function properly as expected. On the other hand, while intellectual health inspires mental-stimulating activities such as learning and creative thinking, emotional health influences our ability to control of feelings and behaviour in a manner that fosters wellness. Further, social health can be defined as the ability to create substantial interpersonal relationships with others by acting appropriately and being comfortable in different social settings.
Breast cancer impacts on the general wellbeing of an individual with much impact being on the mental health. After a breast cancer diagnosis, an individual immediately develop distress that manifest in form of strong emotions such as anxiety, fear, sadness or disbelief which impacts on the emotional wellbeing. Later, as a result of the cancer and cancer treatment, the patients may experience physical side effects such as pain, fatigue, hair loss, and lack of appetite which impacts on the overall physical wellness of the patient (Torre 2017). Also, breast cancer is associated with cognitive impairment which led to memory loss hence affecting the intellectual wellness of a patient. Breast cancer patients are highly susceptible to depression which may bring up loneliness hence impacting on their social wellbeing.
1.2 EFFECT OF PERSONAL BEHAVIOUR, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS & POLITICAL INFLUENCES ON THE HEALTH OF INDIVIDUALS
Personal behaviour, described as observable reactions of a person, is a key risk factor in breast cancer development. Several studies have confirmed that lifestyle behaviours such as physical exercise, high-calorie intake, or smoking habits are major risk factors for breast cancer development (Lewis‐Smith2018, p.2691) For instance, regular physical exercise reduces the risks of acquiring breast cancer while high-calorie intake increases the risk of breast cancer occurrence. Additionally, environmental factors which includes all substances in our surroundings such as hazardous substances or media highly impacts on the wellbeing of breast cancer patients. For instance, the media may negatively impact on breast cancer recovery attributed to breast cancers stigma while may promote health outcomes through spreading awareness of breast cancer to the general population. Breast cancer treatment and provision of health services is principally influenced by political factors such as political reforms, availability of funds or economic policies. The UK government play a vital role in promoting breast cancer related initiative through provision of funds to support research, health promotion campaigns and prevention and treatment programs.
2.1 PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY HEALTH PROMOTION
Health promotion through all stages of wellness and illness involves three levels of prevention namely: primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. The primary prevention level involves strategies that focus on limiting the occurrence of a disease or disability in a population by eradicating risk factors that impact on good health. Primary prevention may include programs or campaigns that advocate for heathier eating or regular physical exercising or those that discourage lifestyle behaviours such as smoking and alcohol intake. In secondary prevention, the main aim is to prevent the advancement of an illness through early diagnosis and intervention. Secondary prevention targets individuals that are known to be highly vulnerable to a disease such as breast cancer in women (Lewis‐Smith2018, p.2692). Hence, breast cancer screening programs is an example of secondary prevention. Further, tertiary prevention targets individuals who have been diagnosed with a disease and aims at moderating the magnitude of established illness. Tertiary prevention programs aim at re-educating and rehabilitating individuals who have been diagnosed with an illness, for instance, self- management programs for breast cancer patients.
In the UK, many health campaign on breast cancer are based on behavioural changer and self-empowering models. The fact that lifestyle behaviours are major risk factors for breast cancer, health promoters believe that providing information will impact on peoples’ attitudes and behaviours which will foster healthier lifestyles. For instance, the 2015 Be Clear on Cancer campaign aimed at creating awareness of breast cancer in women over 70.
The self-empowering model aims at enhancing individual’s critical thinking and self-worth to enable them to take charge and control their own health. Self-empowering is a form of tertiary prevention as it aims at re-educating and rehabilitating breast cancer patients which as a result promotes wellness among them. The Basingstroke Breast Cancer self-help, the Afiya Trust and Breast Cancer care are some of the UK-based self-help and support groups that care for people living with and beyond breast cancer (Ure 2017, p.9) On secondary prevention, screening campaigns include the NHS Breast Cancer Screening Programme that offers free screening every 3 years to the UK population.
The Breast Cancer UK campaign on primary prevention advocates for “stopping the cancer before it starts” by investing further on research studies that aim at exploring the aetiology of breast cancer. This campaign claims that the current policies and Breast Cancer Prevention Strategies in the UK are reluctant on addressing primary prevention of breast cancer but rather, focus on secondary prevention via screening programs. Therefore, the Breast Cancer UK campaign calls for the UK government to enact policies and fund programs that focus on primary prevention on breast cancer, and that All National Cancer Plans to include reducing production and exposure to carcinogenic chemicals as a preventable risk factor for breast cancer (Ure 2017, p.12).
Other than the government, there are several charities and foundations like Pink Ribbon Foundation and Macmillan foundation in the UK that provide financial support and funding’s to programs that promote wellness among breast cancer patients. I would suggest that in order to secure long-term sustainability of the national health on breast cancer, it is important for health promotion campaigns to emphasize on prevention before cure as suggested in the Breast Cancer UK campaign. Through primary prevention, health promoters will be able to manage preventable risk factors for breast cancer, specifically lifestyle behaviour like poor dieting, smoking and physical exercising.
3.1NEEDS OF THE COMMUNITY/INDIVIDUAL
According to Abt Sacks et al (2016, p. 721), promoting communicative needs among patients with breast cancer is vital in improving their overall wellbeing and positive response to treatment. Communication is a type of interactive behaviour that facilitate patient’s comfort, better and quality care and positive outcomes on treatment. The health care providers and the community play a major role in promoting communicative needs for breast cancer patients as their support helps these patients cope with the cancer. Social self-help groups provide cancer patients with a platform where they can share their cancer-related experiences which in turn promote their overall mental and physical wellness.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, health promotion among breast cancer patients is vital in promoting their overall wellbeing. Primary prevention strategies for breast cancer are believed to produce long-term sustainability outcomes. Therefore, the UK government is urged to support and invest in programs that promote primary prevention research on the causes of breast cancer. The overall wellness among breast cancer patients depends on approaches that promote their communicative needs.
References
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Abt Sacks, A., Perestelo‐Perez, L., Rodriguez‐Martin, B., Cuellar‐Pompa, L., Algara López, M., González Hernández, N. and Serrano‐Aguilar, P., 2016. Breast cancer patients’ narrative experiences about communication during the oncology care process: a qualitative study. European journal of cancer care, 25(5), pp.719-733. Lewis‐Smith, H., Diedrichs, P.C., Rumsey, N. and Harcourt, D., 2018. Efficacy of psychosocial and physical activity‐based interventions to improve body image among women treated for breast cancer: A systematic review. Psycho‐Oncology, 27(12), pp.2687-2699. Torre, L.A., Islami, F., Siegel, R.L., Ward, E.M. and Jemal, A., 2017. Global cancer in women: burden and trends. Ure, C., Galpin, A., Cooper-Ryan, A.M. and Condie, J., 2017. Charities’ use of Twitter: exploring social support for women living with and beyond breast cancer. Information, Communication & Society, pp.1-18.
SUPPORTIVE CARE ASSESSMENT INTRODUCTION Breast cancer patients are subject to an exclusively extraordinary cost of health care. This ideology is in comparison with individuals suffering from other types of cancer. The prices even increase for the patients with lymphedema – a common side effect of breast cancer treatment that leads to painful swellings especially in the torso, arms, and legs. According to the European Society for Medical Oncology, supportive care, as a term, refers to the vast services that enable cancer patients, families and respective caregivers to cope with the condition and related treatments entirely in a patient’s pathway, and allow a patient to maximize treatment benefits and options to be able to cope with the health effects of breast cancer. PROVISION OF SERVICES TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY Located in the local region of Georgia, Savannah, Good-Life-for-All is a Primary Care Trust Initiative that provides a number of supportive services are provided. Often, cancer pain and treatment-related toxicity are the major acute issues among breast cancer patients. Therefore, symptom management is of the highest priority. Severe and common symptoms that patients are faced with during chemotherapy session include nausea, gastrointestinal symptoms, anemia, cardiovascular toxicity, pain, and infections. Public, voluntary and private support services have been executed with the need to provide the most effective and supportive therapies to the patients. It is essential to recognize that support care needs are different for every breast cancer head, and differ depending on the stage of the disease (advanced, early and metastatic breast cancer), the age of a patient, individual perceptions and the social and cultural context of a patient. Needs and services might, therefore, change gradually during the course of a disease. However, most important is the concern that they have been effectively managed, handled timely and appropriately. Volunteer Groups Certain volunteer groups have instituted a specialized form of counseling referred to as psycho-educational counseling or educational counseling. The main cancer centers apply this approach because the groups are able to do psychosocial research and offer effective programs based on past established research (Uchida et al. 2016, pg. 532). These programs are either offered at totally no cost of a low price rate to the patients. The ‘Road to Recovery Program” stipulated under the private help organizations promotes transport flexibility among cancer patients to facilitate cancer-related medical appointments. Generally, the ‘Reach to Recovery’ program is one among many others that connect with cancer diagnosed breast cancer patients as well as trained volunteers, who a good percentage are breast cancer survivors. Private Organizations Private organizations have also partnered with caregivers in the region. Overall, they have improved supportive care and services as a significant part of breast cancer therapy, although better efforts are needed to assess the needs of individual patients, and give the most effective care within the multidisciplinary setting. They facilitate insurance plans for the patients and provide assistance with a precise understanding of what is actually covered under the insurance, and how they can easily navigate changes when shifting to a different insurance provider. Most of the organizations assess the quality of the insurance plan so that all required and elective cancer services are covered under low co-pays, deductibles, and premiums (Uchida et al. 2016, pg. 532). Tender Loving Care is a private publication group that gives various products that help women and girls facing breast cancer treatment cope with various side effects of cancer. The programs render hard-to-find health products readily available and affordable. Also, there is a Patient Navigator Program that connects patients to their caregivers with a personal cancer guide at a cancer treatment center (Ganz et al. 2013, pg. 611). It makes it possible to address the health concerns of patients. Public Sector The public sector, under the management of the ministry of health, has implemented a number of policies in support for the cancer patients. Under the Adult Service Departments, adult patients can be assessed for care and services under the Care Act of 2014, as well as the Mental Health Act of 1983. Patients have an opportune to register as “disabled” group, which comes with additional care services. All healthcare carers are further assessed for services under the Care Act of 2014; ‘Carers and Disabled Children Act’ 2000 and the ‘Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act’ 2004]. These policies are generally in favor of long-term physical therapies, complementary and alternative medicine treatment options. By and large, they address psychosocial costs through the expansion of buddy services and support groups. The various policies on insurance and care access broaden the availability of home health care services following cancer treatment. Under the Children & Families or Children Services Departments, Section 17 of the’ Children Act’ 1989, all children can easily be assessed as “In Need”. A child is only categorized as “In Need” if his/her PIES health development welfare is already impaired or is likely to. If assessed in this line, the strategy puts a critical obligation on the public/local authority to give support services to the child and the affected family. EFFECTIVENESS OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES PROVISION ACROSS THE SECTORS Service and needs provision rates at 70% because a good number of breast cancer patients are better placed to benefit from the health and social services. All agencies across the three levels work in partnerships to meet all the needs and care services for care groups, and ensure that they workflows efficiently while taking good care of the patients affected by the condition. The effectiveness of the services provided is weighed on the basis of a variety of factors. For instance, in the organization, the Cancer Society’s advocacy affiliate difference Cancer Action Network in each state and in Congress for the expansion of healthcare options while protecting the current laws that allow patients get better access to the quality and level of care needed. Supportive care during and after cancer management treatment sessions is essential and these voluntary groups have made it available, affordable and readily available for all cancer patients and their respective families. It has increased compliance with therapy, as a consequence, better health outcomes. Medical reports and data analysis reveals that a good percentage of patients have shown a positive attitude towards the therapy sessions, and it has become much easier to manage the condition. Since the various enacted programs facilitate hospital services for cancer patients, there is considerable flexibility in the manner doctors, rehabilitation specialists, social workers, nurses, and nutritionists deliver breast cancer treatment. The carers are better placed to handle family-related issues. However, the services can equally be improved to cultivate more efficacy in care delivery. For instance, the psycho-educational groups are too many for the support and guidance service. Instead, the amount of capital spent to deliver support services can be regulated so that more is channeled towards the facilitation of a given service, a more important one like meeting the healthcare costs of chemotherapy sessions. This is imperative. The agencies should form a stronger collaborative team by exclusively working together to improve the general quality of services the group is entitled to. It is important for the organizations across the volunteer, public and private sectors to link with healthcare professionals so that service, support and care programs facilitated by the organization is streamlined in care provision for the cancer patients. In order to meet the needs of individuals with the condition/their carers/the community/professionals; either within the healthcare services or social care services and/or the voluntary and private sectors, more governance is required. Improved coordination and direction will ensure that the supply of resources, educational initiatives, and all support resources for the group is better managed, and to ensure all organizations purpose to deliver quality attention. CONCLUSION In conclusion, it is essential to recognize that support care needs are different for every breast cancer head, and differ depending on the stage of the disease (advanced, early and metastatic breast cancer), the age of a patient, individual perceptions and the social and cultural context of a patient. Needs and services might, therefore, change gradually during the course of a disease. However, most important is the concern that they have been effectively managed, handled timely and appropriately.
WORD COUNT- 1351 PAGES- 5
Bibliography European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines: Supportive Care. www.esmo.org/Guidelines-Practice/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Supportive-Care (last accessed August 6, 2014). [PubMed] Uchida M, Akechi T, Okuyama T, Sagawa R, Nakaguchi T, Endo C, Yamashita H, Toyama T, Furukawa TA. Patients’ supportive care needs and psychological distress in advanced breast cancer patients in Japan. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2011;41:530–536. Ganz PA, Yip CH, Gralow JR, Distelhorst SR, Albain KS, Andersen BL, Bevilacqua JL, de Azambuja E, El Saghir NS, Kaur R, McTiernan A, Partridge AH, Rowland JH, Singh-Carlson S, Vargo MM, Thompson B, Anderson BO. Supportive care after curative treatment for breast cancer (survivorship care): resource allocations in low- and middle-income countries. A Breast Health Global Initiative 2013 consensus statement. Breast. 2013;22:606–615.
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