ANALYSING PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES

QUESTION

 research topic    

PART 1

Please use headlines to answer each question

450 words

4 Harvard references

List three negative and three positive public health externalities, and give an example of the issues that can arise.  How can these issues be solved?

PART 2

Please use headlines to answer each question

450 words

4 Harvard references

1. Write a brief explanation for the lay person that explains climate change, what causes it and how it differs from climate variability.
2. Comment on each others explanations, what was done well and what was difficult to get across.
3. Some may consider an infograph for this exercise and explain the reason for its use

PART 3

Please use subheadings to answer each question

250 words

4 Harvard references

Find a piece of information relevant to your research topic of interest from your previous search, and then share it with the rest of the class (as a URL) on the discussion board:

1. If you found an example of an appropriate, scholarlysource relevant to your research topic, briefly justify why this is an appropriate source to your fellow students
2. If you found an example of an unsuitablesource relevant to your research, briefly justify why this source would notbe robust enough for you to cite in your work as a research scholar.

My research topic ‘’Do recently settled refugees to Tasmania Australia consider access to individual health care a right or a privilege?’’

ANSWER

ANALYSING PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES

Part 1: Public Health Externalities

Negative and Positive Health Externalities

An externality is experienced in the event whereby an individual engages in an activity, which affects a bystander’s wellbeing, but derives neither payment nor compensation from the effect (Ullah et al., 2019). If an adverse impact is experienced, then it is referred to as a negative externality while a beneficial one is a positive externality. A negative externality refers to a cost incurred by a third party because of an economic transaction. Some examples of negative externalities include contagious diseases, resistance to antibiotics, and environmental degradation (Batoo et al., 2019). Some of the positive externalities to be considered include the rise in wealth as a result of a better health, technology development, and the establishment of vaccinations set to limit the rate of exposure to infectious diseases (Lisa-Marie Larisch, Amer-Wåhlin & Hidefjäll, 2016).

Examples of Issues that can arise

Infectious diseases: When diseases are left untreated, the population will become vulnerable because of the increased exposure to the condition, especially in the cases of communicable diseases. This issue can be addressed by educating the people about disease prevention to reduce the rate of infectious disease spread.

Antibiotic resistance: Antibiotics are increasingly becoming resistant to bacteria. This suggests that in the future, the rates of diseases are likely to rise as the antibiotics prove to be infective in handling bacterial infections.

Environmental Degradation: Effective health care services advocates for the use of factory services and ambulances, which are further, associated with some form of pollution, thus affecting the bacterial ecological environment.

Effect of health on wealth:  A health care market which considers the needs of the people can effectively result to positive economic gains unlike that whereby the employees are not considered, exposing their health to a risk, and hence a low performance.

The use of vaccines: The invention of vaccines has increased the rate of human immunity to infections, which further curbs the potential that a population be vulnerable to specific forms of diseases.

Information and Technology: The advent of new technology and information has primarily increased the research and development efforts of firms located within the healthcare setting as well as the technical efficacy experienced in other sectors.

How the Issues can be addressed

            The issues not in the previous section can be addressed through requisite policy changes and which influences how the people access medical care (Wu & Ramesh, 2014). For instance, enhancing the requirements under the Affordable Care Act to ensure that all the users have effective health coverage will improve on the accessibility and affordability of the healthcare insurance which makes it simpler for them to access the services and overcome the prevailing flaws in the system.

Part 2: Climate Change

Explanation for Climate Change

            Climate is the changes experienced in the environment over the long-term. Human actions such as burning of fossils result to the climate change. Time is the primary factor that determines the difference between climate change and environmental variability. Arguably, the climate change process is experienced over the long-term while the variability is noted within the short term.

Comment on Other’s Explanations

Climate change refers to the long-term alteration in the average weather patterns which offers a definition of the earth’s regional, local, and global climates. The noted changes have a wide range of observed impacts synonymous with the time the change has occurred (NASA, 2021). NASA has effectively provided a definition for climate change. This was one of the primary points which I struggled to bring across since I could not associate the climate change with the alterations in the weather patterns.

Wu, Liu, Gao and Wang (2019) indicate that climate change is caused by factors such as human activities which results to instances of global warming. Human activities have resulted in a significant change in the natural greenhouse gas effect which increases the amount of the concentration of the carbondioxide gas within the environment (NASA, 2021b). Changing the atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions is associated several drastic consequences to the environment. For instance, some of the earth’s sections will become warmer than the others. This further prompts the melting of glaciers as a potential concern. Furthermore, it is a fact that the warmer conditions will further result to increased precipitation and evaporation is some parts of the world. On the contrary, others will be dryer while some places become wetter (NASA, 2021b). NASA has further done an effective job documenting the factors which further results to a change in climate. Despite the fact that I was aware that climate change is associated with human activities which further changes the composition of the atmosphere, I could not easily drive this point as in NASA’s case. The fact that NASA explains the effects of the climate change as experienced in different parts of the globe is interesting. Notably, this makes it simpler to understand the detrimental impacts that the changes in climate has on the environment.

Climate change and climate variability differs in that the later explores the changes experiences within limited timeframes while the former entails the changes experienced over an extended period such as more than a decade (Zhang, Li, Chen, Cui & Ge, 2019). Zang’s article has easily presented the prevailing differences between climate change and climate variability. This was one of the points which I could easily explain since I was aware that the primary differentiating factor between the two was founded on time differences.

Part 3: Information Relevant to my Research Topic

Appropriate Scholarly Source: https://bmcinthealthhumrights.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12914-019-0206-6

            The article by Au, Anandakumar and Preston (2019) is an example of an appropriate scholarly source that can be included in the research study. This is regarded as an appropriate source because it effectively explores the area of study (University at Albany, 2020). Evidently, the article provides an explanation of the fact that the refugees consider the individual health care as a privileged rather than a right. This is reflected by the fact that the article explains that the delivery of the services continue to be a problem for this group of people (Au, Anandakumar and Preston, 2019). This suggests that the article is accurate and objective for use. The work was also published in 2019, suggesting its currency and desirability as a quality resource. In addition, the work by Au, Anandakumar and Preston (2019) is focused on addressing the issue of the refugees in Australia, showing that its contents are of a right coverage.

Inappropriate Scholarly Source:

https://anzhealthpolicy.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-8462-2-23

            Correa-Velez, Gifford and Bice (2005) present an article that I would not consider as a scholarly resource to be included for the study. Evidently, the source was published in 2005, suggesting that it contains out-dated information that might be misleading. I would also not include the article in the research since it does not address the issue of recently settled refugees in Tasmania in Australia but about Asylum seekers and refugees in the country in general. This suggests that the resource fails in its objectivity to provide quality details for the study (Canvas, 2021).