ATI - TEAS Test - Anatomy and Physiology
- Which structure is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the respiratory system?
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Alveoli
- Diaphragm
Explanation: The alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the bloodstream. The trachea and bronchi are airways, and the diaphragm is a muscle aiding respiration, but they do not directly facilitate gas exchange.
- What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
- Transporting oxygen
- Producing hormones
- Providing structural support
- Digesting nutrients
Explanation: The skeletal system supports the body, protects organs, and enables movement by providing attachment points for muscles. Other systems handle oxygen transport, hormone production, and digestion.
- Which part of the brain regulates vital functions like heart rate and breathing?
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Medulla oblongata
- Hypothalamus
Explanation: The medulla oblongata, located in the brainstem, controls autonomic functions such as heart rate and breathing. The cerebrum handles higher thinking, the cerebellum coordinates movement, and the hypothalamus regulates hormones and homeostasis.
- What type of tissue is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses in the body?
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Nervous tissue
- Muscle tissue
Explanation: Nervous tissue, composed of neurons, transmits electrical impulses for communication within the body. Epithelial tissue covers surfaces, connective tissue supports, and muscle tissue enables movement.
- Which organ is primarily responsible for filtering blood and producing urine?
- Liver
- Kidney
- Bladder
- Ureter
Explanation: The kidneys filter blood to remove waste and produce urine. The liver detoxifies, the bladder stores urine, and the ureter transports urine to the bladder.
- What is the role of red blood cells in the circulatory system?
- Fight infection
- Clot blood
- Transport oxygen
- Produce antibodies
Explanation: Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which binds and transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues. White blood cells fight infection, platelets aid clotting, and antibodies are produced by immune cells.
- Which muscle type is under voluntary control?
- Smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle
- Skeletal muscle
- Involuntary muscle
Explanation: Skeletal muscles, attached to bones, are controlled voluntarily for movement. Smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary, controlling functions like digestion and heartbeats.
- What is the primary source of energy for cellular processes?
- Glucose
- Amino acids
- Lipids
- ATP
Explanation: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the molecule that directly provides energy for cellular processes. Glucose and lipids are broken down to produce ATP, and amino acids are used for protein synthesis.
- Which structure connects bones to bones in a joint?
- Tendon
- Ligament
- Cartilage
- Meniscus
Explanation: Ligaments are strong connective tissues that connect bones to bones, stabilizing joints. Tendons connect muscles to bones, cartilage cushions joints, and the meniscus is a type of cartilage in specific joints like the knee.
- Which hormone regulates blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake in cells?
- Glucagon
- Insulin
- Cortisol
- Adrenaline
Explanation: Insulin, produced by the pancreas, lowers blood sugar by facilitating glucose uptake into cells. Glucagon raises blood sugar, cortisol affects metabolism broadly, and adrenaline prepares the body for stress.
- What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
- Transporting oxygen
- Producing digestive enzymes
- Maintaining fluid balance and immunity
- Regulating body temperature
Explanation: The lymphatic system returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream and supports immune function through lymph nodes. Other systems handle oxygen transport, digestion, and temperature regulation.
- Which part of the digestive system is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption?
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Esophagus
Explanation: The small intestine has a large surface area (villi and microvilli) for absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream. The stomach breaks down food, the large intestine absorbs water, and the esophagus transports food.
- Which bone is located in the upper arm?
- Radius
- Ulna
- Humerus
- Femur
Explanation: The humerus is the bone of the upper arm, connecting the shoulder to the elbow. The radius and ulna are in the forearm, and the femur is in the thigh.
- What is the functional unit of the kidney?
- Nephron
- Glomerulus
- Renal artery
- Ureter
Explanation: The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and forming urine. The glomerulus is part of the nephron, the renal artery supplies blood, and the ureter transports urine.
- Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the aorta?
- Right atrium
- Right ventricle
- Left atrium
- Left ventricle
Explanation: The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta for systemic circulation. The right atrium and ventricle handle deoxygenated blood, and the left atrium receives blood from the lungs.
- What is the primary role of white blood cells?
- Oxygen transport
- Immune defense
- Blood clotting
- Nutrient delivery
Explanation: White blood cells fight infections and support immunity. Red blood cells transport oxygen, platelets aid clotting, and nutrients are delivered via plasma and blood flow.
- Which structure in the eye focuses light onto the retina?
- Cornea
- Lens
- Iris
- Pupil
Explanation: The lens adjusts its shape to focus light onto the retina for clear vision. The cornea provides initial refraction, the iris controls light entry, and the pupil is the opening for light.
- What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
- Rapid nerve signal transmission
- Hormone production and regulation
- Mechanical digestion
- Blood filtration
Explanation: The endocrine system releases hormones to regulate body functions like growth and metabolism. Nerves handle signal transmission, digestion occurs in the digestive system, and filtration occurs in the kidneys.
- Which type of joint allows the widest range of motion?
- Hinge joint
- Pivot joint
- Ball-and-socket joint
- Saddle joint
Explanation: Ball-and-socket joints, like the shoulder and hip, allow movement in multiple directions. Hinge joints (e.g., elbow) allow one-plane motion, pivot joints allow rotation, and saddle joints allow limited multi-directional movement.
- What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?
- Produces bile
- Secretes digestive enzymes and insulin
- Absorbs nutrients
- Stores glycogen
Explanation: The pancreas produces digestive enzymes for the small intestine and insulin for blood sugar regulation. The liver produces bile and stores glycogen, and the small intestine absorbs nutrients.
- Which structure carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?
- Aorta
- Pulmonary artery
- Pulmonary vein
- Superior vena cava
Explanation: The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation. The aorta carries oxygenated blood, the pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood, and the vena cava returns blood to the heart.
- What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
- Regulates heart rate
- Controls voluntary movement coordination
- Processes sensory information
- Produces hormones
Explanation: The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements like balance and posture. Heart rate is regulated by the medulla, sensory processing occurs in the cerebrum, and hormones are produced by the endocrine system.
- Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the skin?
- Simple squamous
- Stratified squamous
- Simple cuboidal
- Transitional
Explanation: Stratified squamous epithelium, found in the epidermis, provides protection with multiple layers of flat cells. Simple squamous is in lungs, cuboidal in glands, and transitional in the bladder.
- What is the primary source of ATP production in cells?
- Glycolysis
- Krebs cycle
- Electron transport chain
- Fermentation
Explanation: The electron transport chain in mitochondria produces the most ATP during cellular respiration. Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle contribute, but the electron transport chain is the primary source. Fermentation produces less ATP.
- Which bone forms the forehead?
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Frontal
- Occipital
Explanation: The frontal bone forms the forehead and part of the eye sockets. The parietal forms the skull’s sides, the temporal is near the ears, and the occipital is at the skull’s base.
- What is the role of the thyroid gland?
- Regulates calcium levels
- Controls metabolism
- Produces insulin
- Secretes digestive enzymes
Explanation: The thyroid gland produces hormones (thyroxine, T3) that regulate metabolism. Parathyroid glands regulate calcium, the pancreas produces insulin, and digestive enzymes come from the pancreas and salivary glands.
- Which structure protects the heart and lungs?
- Vertebral column
- Rib cage
- Pelvis
- Skull
Explanation: The rib cage, formed by ribs and the sternum, protects the heart and lungs. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, the pelvis protects pelvic organs, and the skull protects the brain.
- What is the primary function of the large intestine?
- Nutrient absorption
- Protein digestion
- Water absorption
- Enzyme secretion
Explanation: The large intestine absorbs water and forms feces. Nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine, protein digestion begins in the stomach, and enzymes are secreted by the pancreas and small intestine.
- Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?
- Optic nerve
- Vagus nerve
- Trigeminal nerve
- Facial nerve
Explanation: The optic nerve transmits visual signals from the retina to the brain. The vagus nerve regulates organs, the trigeminal nerve handles facial sensation, and the facial nerve controls facial muscles.
- What is the primary role of platelets in the blood?
- Oxygen transport
- Immune response
- Blood clotting
- Nutrient delivery
Explanation: Platelets form clots to stop bleeding. Red blood cells transport oxygen, white blood cells handle immune responses, and nutrients are delivered via plasma and blood flow.
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