Nur3030 A2 assignment
NUR 3030 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Assessment 2: Written Assessment
Task overview
|
Assessment name |
Assessment 2 –Academic Essay |
|
Brief task description |
Discussing barriers to healthcare for Indigenous Australians and how the principles of Primary Health Care influence inequity in healthcare and the type of strategies that promote better access to quality healthcare |
|
Rationale for assessment task |
This assessment has been devised to inform student knowledge and learnings as future nurses on the complexities that exist and inform Indigenous health statuses today. It is imperative that students understand the barriers, and reasons for not accessing healthcare like other Australians and how nurses can better support improved health care.
At the end of this assessment students will be: Culturally capable individuals who are self-aware and sensitive to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander knowledges and perspectives, equitable and respectful of diversity and multiculturalism, and can apply these capabilities in their professional practice. |
|
Due Date |
27th April 2021 by 2355 AEST |
|
Length |
1500-word assignment (+/- 10%) Word length includes in-text referencing and excludes your reference list and appendices |
|
Marks out of: Weighting: |
Maximum grade 40 Weighting 40% |
|
Course Objectives measured |
Objective 2 Graduate Attributes:
|
Task information
|
Task detail |
Case Scenario
Historical practices have created a great deal of distrust within Indigenous peoples with regard to the use of hospitals (Best, 2014). Healthcare in Australia is a predominately Westernised system that is permeated by the social norms and expectations defined by white culture (Nielson, 2010). The nursing profession is clearly entrenched in the biomedical model as a by-product of the colonisation process (Best, 2014). Explore how a Primary Health Care approach can facilitate improved health outcomes for Indigenous people within the health care setting. Cultural safety is a key strategy for reducing inequalities in healthcare for Indigenous people.
Assignment Task
|
|
Writing Style |
This assessment piece will be written in the form of an academic essay providing links to relevant peer reviewed articles. |
|
Referencing/ citations |
References
Use APA 7 Referencing to cite the most current reference sources (minimum of 6 required for your assignment) within the last five years, seminal sources will be acceptable to support the assignment task.
In text citations: You must include intext citations in the body of your work. Each new point or piece of evidence must be attributed (via in-text citation) to the source.
Assignment must be submitted via ‘Assessment 2 Submission portal’ on the NUR3030 study desk. |
|
Formatting Style |
Formatting of your assignment • Times New Roman, font size 12 • Double spacing • Utilise the APA 7 Referencing formatting and referencing see link on study desk • Word format only to be submitted (PDF’s will not be accepted) • Use headings for each section |
|
Resources available to complete task |
Example of a sources http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/
QAIHC - Queensland Aboriginal and Islander Health Council
|
Submission information
|
What you need to submit |
One Microsoft Word document that contains the following items:
|
|
Submission requirements |
This assessment task must: · use APA 7 for formatting and citing academic literature · be submitted in electronic format as a Microsoft Word document via Turnitin |
|
File Name Conventions |
Save your document with the following naming conventions: surname_initialORstudentnumber_coursecode_A2.doc |
|
Moderation |
All staff who are assessing your work meet to discuss and compare grading decisions before marks or grades are released and finalised. |
|
Academic Integrity Statement |
Please ensure you are submitting your FINAL copy as we will not allow re-submissions if you unintentionally submit a draft or a file meant for another course. What is submitted is what will be marked. All assignments will automatically be filtered through an anti-plagiarism program, Turnitin.
If you do not press submit for marking your draft will be considered your final submission. If you do not submit without an approved extension you will receive a '0' mark for the assignment. |
|
Assessment Task 1 = 10 marks |
||||||
|
Discuss the likely barriers to accessing health care for Indigenous Australians from both historical and contemporary perspectives
|
10-9 |
8.9-7 |
6.9-5 |
4.9-3 |
2.9-0 |
Total mark |
|
Contains an excellent discussion of the likely barriers to accessing healthcare from both a historical and contemporary perspective |
Contains a good discussion of the likely barriers to accessing healthcare from both a historical and contemporary perspective |
Contains a moderately sound discussion of the likely barriers to accessing healthcare from both a historical and contemporary perspective |
Contains a limited discussion of the likely barriers to accessing healthcare from both a historical and contemporary perspective |
Contains a minimal discussion of the likely barriers to accessing healthcare from both a historical and contemporary perspective |
/10 |
|
|
Assessment Task 2 = 10 marks |
||||||
|
Identify the principles of Primary Health Care and discuss how they are applied within Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander specific health care settings (Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Sector)
|
10-9 |
8.9-7 |
6.9-5 |
4.9-3 |
2.9-0 |
Total mark |
|
Demonstrates a very high-level knowledge of Primary Heath Care Principles and discusses how they are applied within Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander specific health care settings
Knowledge is very well supported by high level evidence. |
Demonstrates a high-level knowledge of Primary Health Care principles and discusses how they are applied within Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander specific health care settings
Knowledge is well supported by high level evidence. |
Demonstrates a sound knowledge of Primary Health Care principles and discusses how they are applied within Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander specific health care settings
Knowledge is well supported by evidence. |
Demonstrates limited knowledge of Primary Health Care principles and discusses how they are applied within Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander specific health care settings
Knowledge is supported by evidence. |
Demonstrate minimal knowledge of Primary Health Care principles and discusses how they are applied within Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander specific health care settings
Knowledge is not supported by evidence. |
/10 |
|
|
Assessment Task 3 = 10 marks |
||||||
|
Critically discusses inclusive practice strategies that addresses the barriers to promote access to quality health care for Australia’s Indigenous people |
10-9 |
8.9-7 |
6.9-5 |
4.9-3 |
2.9-0 |
Total mark |
|
Critical discussion contains an excellent overview of the inclusive practice strategies that support the barriers to promote access to quality health care |
Critical discussion contains a good overview of the inclusive practice strategies that support the barriers to promote access to quality health care |
Critical discussion contains a moderately sound overview of the inclusive practice strategies that support the barriers to promote access to quality health care |
Critical discussion contains a limited overview of the inclusive practice strategies that support the barriers to promote access to quality health care |
Critical discussion contains a minimal overview of the inclusive practice strategies that support the barriers to promote access to quality health care |
/10 |
|
|
Overall presentation = 10 marks |
||||||
|
Academic presentation: Evidence of research, use of suitable references and APA Style Referencing |
10-9 |
9-7 |
7-5 |
5-3 |
0 - 3 |
Total mark |
|
Expression Very clear expression and no spelling or grammar errors.
Structure A well-structured, coherent synthesis of literature from multiple sources; Accurately adhered to essay style.
Evidence Overall discussion is logical and clear and well supported with highly relevant literature.
|
Expression Clear expression; spelling or grammar errors 1 -3
Structure Sound evidence with a synthesis of a range of resources: subsequent analysis satisfactory
Evidence Overall discussion is clear and logical and references to literature are good |
Expression Mostly clear expression; spelling or grammar errors 4 or more
Structure Satisfactory evidence with a synthesis of a limited scope of resources: subsequent analysis limited
Evidence Overall discussion is clear and logical and references to literature are satisfactory |
Expression Somewhat clear expression with spelling or grammar errors 5 or more
Structure Some evidence with limited scope of resources used in the analysis
Evidence Overall discussion is mostly logical and reference to literature is present but not strong |
Expression Used incorrect terminology with numerous mistakes in spelling and/or grammar 6 or more
Structure Little to no evidence using scholarly research used in the analysis
Evidence Overall discussion is not logical and reference to literature, if any is not appropriate or insufficient |
/10 |
|
|
MARKS LOST FOR LATE PENALTY (IF RELEVANT -5% of the total marks available for the assessment item per working day deducted from total mark gained |
|
|||||
|
|
|
|||||
|
Markers comments
Date |
/40 |
[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.9.3" _module_preset="default" width_tablet="" width_phone="100%" width_last_edited="on|phone" max_width="100%"]
l
| Subject | Nursing | Pages | 11 | Style | APA |
|---|
Answer
-
Barriers to and Strategies Promoting Access to Quality Healthcare for Indigenous Australians
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities have limited access to appropriate primary healthcare despite funding by the government towards various programs to build the capability of the Indigenous Australians’ health workforce. Limited access to healthcare leads to poor health and a high mortality rate than non-indigenous Australians (Davy, Harfield, McArthur, Munn & Brown, 2016). This essay evaluates the barriers hindering healthcare, the influence of inequality by principles of primary healthcare, and the type of strategies to be adopted to promote accessible quality health care for indigenous Australians.
Barriers to Accessing Healthcare
Cultural Values and Beliefs
Cultural barriers in healthcare emerge due to differences in language, different medical practices and procedures used and issues in gender identity. Such challenges are often the reasons for miscommunication between individuals from different cultural backgrounds, hindering adequate healthcare provision among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Australians. Different interpretations about health and identity alongside variations in values, beliefs and faith also pose a challenge for the indigenous people in adopting the established health care facilities (MacLean, Ritte, Thorpe, Ewen & Arabena, 2017). However, these so much upheld beliefs lead to adverse outcomes such as delays or being non-committed to hospital appointments and health checks such as cancer screening.
Ineffective Communication
Language is an integral part of any culture and, therefore, necessary to achieve proper healthcare. Failure in communication between patients and medical providers lead to adverse healthcare outcomes such as misdiagnoses. Through language variance, there is inequitable access to healthcare, and the fact that indigenous communities speak more than 100 vernacular languages exacerbates the problem in healthcare provision. An example is the aboriginals in Northern Australia, who have a population of 97.5%, but only 2.1% of this population speak English (Li, 2017).
Discrimination and Racism
Selective issuance of treatment has been based on physical and biological differences. Racial discrimination has thus been a factor hindering healthcare promotion in the aboriginal communities as these instances of prejudice make them feel secluded. Racism has led to adverse outcomes. Most people tend not to participate in treatment. Their lack of involvement is distrust from particular people who do not share their same physiological features, such as 'white doctors’ (Goodman, Fleming, Markwick, Morrison, Lagimodiere & Society, 2017).
Lack of Transport
Inaccessible public and private transport hinder the accessibility of healthcare to the indigenous populations. The National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island statistics in 2018-2019 showed that 13% of indigenous Australians aged 15 years and above had no access to public transport in their locale and, as a result, various services left unattended. Such affected services include; for those who had doctor appointments, 14% and those who had dental appointments 10% (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2020). Furthermore, travelling to an urban centre for medical care is regarded by the indigenous population as costly, risky for critically ill patients due to poor care and time-consuming.
Unemployment
Lack of secure and well-paying jobs lead to inadequate income levels by the indigenous communities. A low income has adverse effects on physical and mental health. It affects the physical health of an individual through the inability to access proper and advanced healthcare due to its cost.
Policies enacted by the government to curb the unemployment rate, such as the CDEP (Community Development Employment Projects), have had a minimal impact on reducing unemployment in Australia. It has had no significant impact for 35 years. According to closing the Gap statistics, there have not been developments in indigenous employment targets since 2008, and a drastic fall in the rate of employment which is 53.8% in 2008 to 47.5% in 2012-2013, has been observed (Ewing, Sarra, Price, O'Brien & Priddle, 2017).
Principles of Primary Healthcare and its Application within Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Sector
Primary healthcare in Australia aims in creating good conditions that will promote better, accessible health to communities and the citizens. For these goals to be achieved, primary healthcare is thus based on the principles of equity, intersectoral cooperation, local community engagement, delivery of crucial healthcare programs, and approaches that blend with aboriginal ways of life.
Equity
The government promotes all-inclusive primary health care that is fair and equitable. It is accommodative to all people of different social classes and does not discriminate between individuals since it is affordable. Inclusive healthcare is evident from the right to health in policy initiatives such as the 1989 National Aboriginal Health Strategy (Mazel, 2018).
Inter-sectoral Cooperation
Primary healthcare is promoted at the indigenous local level through collaborations between the government, different health agencies, and citizens. Effective collaboration ensures uniformity in decision making, smooth execution of decisions and proper channelling of funds to all bodies involved. Evidence on the adoption of health policies alongside intersectoral action on health issues is based on social determinants of health and equity in Australian health policy (Fisher, 2017).
Local Community Engagement
This is achieved through supporting the knowledgeable individuals within the community. These individuals are then used as intermediaries to disseminate information to the other community members, enabling an easy formulation and participation in any given project. Health care system decisions are also delivered using a person-centred approach, making communities have a sense of ownership in the given project, ensuring its success.
Delivery of Critical Primary Health Care Programs
Healthcare programs that are evidence based and geared towards a long-term positive effect on the communities are absorbed. These integrated programs are geared towards reducing child mortality and curbing the spread of chronic diseases.
Approaches that Blend with Aboriginal ways of life
Medical practitioners ought to adopt practices that are aligned with the values and beliefs of the indigenous communities. Integrating practices that support culture enhances a positive response, trust and acceptance within individuals in the community.
In supporting evidence, a study conducted by Aboriginal community members and health service representatives gave out results from 60 participants of the given study who projected that participation of the local community in healthcare decisions was effective and therefore should be embraced (Durey, McEvoy, Swift-Otero, Taylor, Katzenellenbogen & Bessarab, 2016).
Inclusive Practice Strategies that Promote Access to Quality Health Care
Incorporating Culture into Service Delivery
Curbing cultural barriers requires integrating different cultural values and beliefs into clinical practices (MacLean et al., 2017). Health care professionals should also nourish their proficiency in cultural dialects. Ability to communicate in the same dialect as those he intends to give service will promote trust, thus reducing racial and ethnic differences.
Mastering Communication Skills
Healthcare professionals should adopt polite and unbiased culture-oriented communication skills, which is accommodative to patients. Practical communication skills will lead to better healthcare by limiting misdiagnoses and also promoting trust. Speech-language pathologists who understand linguistics of the different indigenous cultures should also contribute to communication by notifying the indigenous Australians of the services offered and how they are usually supplied.
Promoting Culturally Respectful Health Service Delivery
A cultural respectful service delivery that intends to end racial discrimination can be achieved through collective support from all government bodies, institutions, organizations and individual levels (MacLean et al., 2017). Also, providing cultural education programs to the front health line workers will encourage a positive attitude towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, thus fostering a long-term positive relationship and ending institutional racism in healthcare.
Improving Access to Healthcare
Accessibility to healthcare can be achieved by providing health care services at the local level and encouraging home visitations for the critically ill, disabled or elderly.
Strengthening the Workforce
By creating a good working environment and filling vacant gaps, there will be a reduction in unemployment (Ewing et al., 2017). An excellent working place should also appreciate its employees through awards or annual salary increases. Better pay rates in return lead to mental and physical well-being.
Conclusion
In summary, the essay has expounded on the barriers hindering healthcare, the influence of inequality by principles of primary healthcare, and the type of strategies to be adopted to promote accessible quality health care for indigenous Australians. The barriers hindering accessibility of healthcare to the indigenous Australians include; cultural values and beliefs, ineffective communication, discrimination and racism, lack of transport, and unemployment. The principles influencing the provision of primary healthcare within Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities consist of; equity, Inter-sectoral cooperation, local community engagement, delivery of critical primary healthcare programs and incorporation of approaches that blend with Aboriginal ways of life. Also, strategies to be adopted to promote access to quality healthcare were; incorporating culture into service delivery, mastering communication skills, promoting culturally respectful health service delivery, improving access to healthcare, and strengthening the workforce.
References
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2020). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework. 2.13 Transport. Retrieved from >https://www.indigenoushpf.gov.au/measures/2-13-transport#implications. <
Davy, C., Harfield, S., McArthur, A., Munn, Z., & Brown, A. (2016). Access to primary health care services for Indigenous peoples: A framework synthesis. International journal for equity in health, 15(1), 1-9.
Durey, A., McEvoy, S., Swift-Otero, V., Taylor, K., Katzenellenbogen, J., & Bessarab, D. (2016). Improving healthcare for Aboriginal Australians through effective engagement between community and health services. BMC Health Services Research, 16(1), 1-13.
Ewing, B., Sarra, G., Price, R., O'Brien, G., & Priddle, C. (2017). Access to sustainable employment and productive training: workplace participation strategies for Indigenous employees. Australian Aboriginal Studies, (2), 27-42.
Fisher, M., Baum, F. E., MacDougall, C., Newman, L., McDermott, D., & Phillips, C. (2017). Intersectoral action on SDH and equity in Australian health policy. Health promotion international, 32(6), 953-963.
Goodman, A., Fleming, K., Markwick, N., Morrison, T., Lagimodiere, L., Kerr, T., & Society, W. A. H. R. (2017). "They treated me like crap, and I know it was because I was Native": The healthcare experiences of Aboriginal peoples living in Vancouver's inner city. Social Science & Medicine, 178, 87-94
Li, J. L. (2017). Cultural barriers lead to inequitable healthcare access for aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders. Chinese Nursing Research, 4(4), 207-210.
MacLean, S., Ritte, R., Thorpe, A., Ewen, S., & Arabena, K. (2017). Health and well-being outcomes of programs for Indigenous Australians that include strategies to enable the expression of cultural identities: a systematic review. Australian journal of primary health, 23(4), 309-318.
Mazel, O. (2018). Indigenous health and human rights: a reflection on law and culture. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(4), 789.