QUESTION

 Bibliographic Essay    

Assignment #4: Annotated Bibliography/Bibliographic Essay

I WILL LET THE WRITER CHOOSE THE TOPIC IT can be about CANCER , EATING Disorders, Homelessness etc. what ever you decided again it’s up to you.
Organization:
Introduction

set context
introduce the purpose of your research
define the scope of your research
introduce the organization of the essay (the sections and subsections)
Sections and sub-sections

reflect the issues which comprise your topic
are organized logically (most important or significant to least?)
are introduced with headings which define the section/issue
Discussion of materials: for each item (or grouping of related items)

introduce by author’s name, article title, complete bib. info. (or reference number from your works cited pages)
summarize the key points, useful aspects
identify the significance of the item to the section and, thus, to the overall topic
evaluate the value of the item as a reference for other researchers
Summary/Conclusion

pull the essay together by restating your overall purpose
pull the essay together by discussing the implications of the research may suggest a direction for further research
Bibliographical Essay
A bibliography is a list of books, articles, and other sources of information (typically textual). The word bibliography literally means “list of books.” We typically think of a bibliography as being a list of RELATED sources (etc.), that is, all of the sources being on the same general topic.

An essay is “a short literary composition, usually on a specific subject, often reflecting the views of its author.”

A bibliographical essay, then, is a composition on a specific subject summarizing (and providing complete references for) articles or other sources written on that specific topic.

Bibliographical essays are written FOR experts in a field, BY an expert of that field. They are written to organize, summarize, and reflect on important written information so that others in the field can

better understand the complexities of an issue in the field
better understand the features or characteristics of the issue
access the information available on the issue more easily
In some ways, a bibliographical essay is like a research paper: the writer has to research the available information thoroughly in order to summarize and categorize it. But, where a research paper has as its focus the writer’s synthesis of the information and the sources themselves become only a part of the background for that synthesis, a bibliographical essay FOCUSES ON those sources, evaluating them, summarizing them, and organizing them.

As you prepare for the assignment…

Read the sample bibliographical essay, paying particular attention to the way the author organized the essay and the way the author refers to the different articles (or books).
Think of an issue in your professional field that you would like to examine further. (We’ll discuss several of these in class.)
As you research your topic..

Using the computerized indexes (we’ll use the specialized indexes like MEDLINE and the SOCIAL SCIENCES index for most of our research), do a general topic search first to identify the subtopics, or features, of the topic which the index uses to organize the articles. You may decide to use some of these same subtopics when you organize your essay.
Once you’ve identified the “limits” of your issue, start focusing your search on the various features or subtopics. Your job now is to define the issue AS IT HAS BEEN RESEARCHED by others in the field.
Try to collect listings for 50-100 sources. As you’re collecting your source material, also collect any abstracts that are available. These will save you a tremendous amount of reading time later.
As you organize your information

Determine a logical plan for organizing your source material NOW, BEFORE you spend a lot of time reading the individual sources.
As you read for content…

Once you have a preliminary outline prepared, begin reading—one section at a time—the abstracts you’ve collected. Use this reading to further refine your outline and your definition of the characteristics of the issue.
Read several (6 or so) sources from each of your outline sections, reading critically to determine
the most “important” or useful of the sources
the significance of that aspect of the topic (is it a key feature or a related, “side” issue?)
As you bean writing…

Your essay should have an introduction which states the purpose of your bibliographical essay and give the reader an overview to the essay (a roadmap).
Each of the sections should have an introduction to the subtopic which synthesizes and summarizes the materials available (the articles, books, etc.) on that particular subtopic.
From there, the section should introduce and discuss the important or key articles and authors on the subtopic, always showing the relationship of each individual piece to the whole.
The essay should also have a conclusion that pulls the main points
together again, discussing their significance, the implications of work (research, etc.) done to date, and the potential directions for further research in the future.

Here’s a SAMPLE of a Bibliographic essay to help guide you

Leukemia: A Bibliographic Essay

Leukemia is a very common type of cancer and affects many people, both children, and adults. In fact, thousands of Americans were diagnosed with leukemia annually. Although this disease occurs in several different forms, the end result is the same: an uncontrollable and damaging growth of white blood cells, which will eventually lead to death.
My interest in the topic of leukemia is based on two different motives. First, I have always had an interest in medicine, and it is this interest that has led me to pursue a career in pharmacy. As a pre-pharmacy student at Ferris State University, I am eager to learn about medications that are currently used to treat leukemia, as well as what sort of treatments are being researched and are still on the horizon. I have been interested in hospital medicine throughout my life, and if I decide to work as a hospital pharmacist when I graduate, I will most likely monitor and treat patients receiving various leukemia treatments.
In addition to my pharmaceutical interest in leukemia, I became even more interested on a personal level because one of my family members was recently diagnosed with a form of the disease. As such, I want to learn as much about leukemia as I can so that I will be knowledgeable about the progression of his disease and the treatments he may receive. Although he has only one of four main forms of the disease (chronic lymphocytic leukemia), I have become interested learning about all the different kinds of leukemia so that I may understand the disease better as a whole. I also want to understand what it is like living with leukemia (what the symptoms are, what side effects occur with treatments, what psychological strains the patient encounters, and the like) so that I will be able to understand what he is going through.

I began gathering information on leukemia through the online databases available through Ferris State University’s FLITE library. The first database I began searching under was Wilson Select Plus (located under General and Multidisciplinary Resources) since I knew that any articles I found would have full-text versions accessible online. I first searched using the keyword “leukemia,” hoping to get an idea of what sort of articles were going to be available. This search rendered 190 different results. After browsing through a few of the articles, I decided that it would be better to narrow my search and see if I could find articles relating to more specific topics. Using the keywords “leukemia” and “types of” I located 6 full-text articles and another 40 articles when I used “leukemia” and “treatment.” After conducting several similar searches, I was able to locate a variety of credible articles that I felt contained valid information for this essay.
I then decided to look under the Info Trac database and found 1159 initial periodical references under the keyword “leukemia,” and I found several other useful references under refined searches, again coupling keywords such as “treatment” and “research” with “leukemia. However, I did not feel that I was as successful with my results. I found several abstracts that contained valid information, but I would prefer to be able to have the full-text article accessible for evaluation if I felt necessary, and they were not available for many Info Trac references.
Finally, I conducted a search on the Internet starting at www.google.com. I searched the word “leukemia” and that brought up over 875,000 websites. In order to greatly narrow my search, I took specific information out of the articles I had already found and ran further searches. I wanted to find sites that explained each of the types of leukemia, and I was able to do so, although even searching “chronic lymphocytic leukemia” brought up over 37,600 sites. I continued my search in a similar manner, looking up topics that I located in the articles I had

already found. I was able to look through only a small number of the sites I found, but I feel that a lot of my most valid information came from these Internet searches. One of the most useful sights I located was Medline Plus (2002) which gave links to different professional sites devoted to leukemia. In addition, I was able to find several other professional sights that contained, not only information on the topic that I was searching, but also on a variety of related topics.
After assessing the results of my preliminary research, I decided that it would be best to divide the essay into five different sub-topics. They include the following:
1. Types of leukemia
2. Risk factors for leukemia 3. Diagnosis of leukemia
4. Living with leukemia
5. Treatments for leukemia
In writing this essay I hoped to give a thorough overview of the professional sites and articles that I have found on the areas listed above and what they contribute on the topic of leukemia.
Section 1: Types of Leukemia
In order to fully understand leukemia I decided that it would be important to first research the various forms of the disease so that other articles involving one or more specific types could be better understood. Surprisingly, searching for articles about the different types of leukemia in Wilson Select Plus and several other databases, yielded unsuccessful results. However, searching the Internet through Google, I was able to locate many different useful sites.
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According to the internet site “Health from A to Z” (1999) I learned that leukemias can usually be divided into four main types based on how quickly the disease spreads, and what kind of cells it affects. The term “acute” is used to describe a leukemia that spreads quickly and is characterized by the rapid multiplication of cancerous cells. In contrast, the term “chronic” is used when referring to a leukemia that spreads at a more gradual pace, and although the cancerous cells are still present in the body, they are not incredibly harmful until they have accumulated in large amounts over time. In addition to acute and chronic, leukemia can be described by looking at the type of cancerous cell. If the leukemia causes an unnatural growth of the lymphocytes (the white blood cells that contribute to human immune response) then it is called a “lymphocytic” leukemia. If instead the leukemia harms granulocytes or monocytes (the white blood cells that are located within human blood marrow) then it is deemed a “myelogenous” leukemia. Thus, a person can be diagnosed with one of four main types of leukemia: chronic lymphocytic, acute lymphocytic, chronic myelogenous, and acute myelogenous. The web page also briefly notes that there are other types of leukemia, although not as popular, including “hairy cell leukemia, a chronic condition in which the cells develop projections that look like tiny hairs” (para. 6). This site also provides various statistics about the average age and life expectancy of different leukemia patients, as well as links to different related articles.
After reading the information on the first site, I decided to search for each of the various types of leukemia separately. The National Marrow Donor Program’s (2002) website had much interesting information on acute myelogenous leukemia. This disease can be referred to by a few different names, including “acute myeloblastic leukemia,” “acute myelocytic leukemia,” and “acute nonlymphocytic leukemia” (para. 3). In a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia,
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immature white blood cells in the bone marrow do not develop as they should into granulocytes but instead are produced at a rapid rate, prohibiting the growth of red blood cells and platelets, which are also produced in the marrow. The site goes on to detail the treatments that are available since the disease progresses so quickly. Much valid information is given on chemotherapy, which uses various potent drugs to kill the cancerous cells, as well as two different types of blood stem cell transplants (formerly known as bone marrow transplants), which transfer healthy blood stem cells into a patients blood in order to re-establish their ability to produce normal blood cells.
The Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia (2003) provided excellent information about chronic myelogenous leukemia (also referred to as “chronic granulocytic leukemia). This disease causes an abnormally fast growth (although not as fast as acute myelogenous leukemia) of white blood cells in the bone marrow. Like acute myelogenous leukemia, this disease can, in time, affect the “peripheral” blood, as well as other tissues throughout the body (para. 2). This disease, often linked to a mutation in a chromosome known as the Philadelphia chromosome, is slow to progress and may not become dangerous for months or years. This site also provides information on the various common symptoms of the, signs and tests, and complications of the disease. There are also several different pictures available of microscopic views of chronic myelogenous leukemia.
The National Cancer Institute (2002) offers outstanding information on acute lymphocytic leukemia via their website. According to this site, acute lymphocytic (also called “acute lymphoblastic leukemia”) is most commonly found in children, and is in fact the most common kind of cancer in children (para. 1). The sight provides some general information on bone marrow, blood cells, and their function in the body. It also gives a general overview of the
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lymph system and how the lymphocytes there in fight off infections in the body by producing antibodies. Unlike the chronic form of lymphocytic leukemia, there are no stages for acute lymphocytic leukemia since the progression of the disease is so rapid, and in this case, the collection of mutant lymphocytes can quickly lead to death. However, different treatments are available to extend the life expectancy of a patient if the disease is diagnosed early enough. Such treatments include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell (bone marrow) transplants. Information on the different phases of treatment, as well as the varying “prognostic groups” patients are divided into depending on their age and white blood cell counts (para. 23-27).
Another site that contained a lot of valid information was Mednews (n.d.). The site explained that chronic lymphocytic leukemia results from an accumulation of mutated immature lymphocytes that gradually accumulate in the blood. Generally occurring in elderly individuals, the disease can result in swelling of the lymph nodes and spleen due to the buildup of mutant cells. This swelling can lead to complications and in the long run, death. The article goes on to give a very technical description of the various stages of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, as well as detailed descriptions of the treatment options available.
Since it was mentioned in several different articles, I thought that it would be appropriate to also research hairy cell leukemia, even though it is not one of the four main types of the disease. I found that the best information on this disease was available again through the website of the National Cancer Institute (2002). Again found in the blood and bone marrow, these cancerous cells are characterized by their hairy looking projections. Like the other forms of leukemia, hairy cell is also a disease of the lymphocytes, and causes a large collection of cells in the spleen which could lead to infection. The different stages of hairy cell leukemia are detailed, as well as the treatments available to patients in differing stages.
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Section 2: Risk Factors for Leukemia
There is much research being conducted to try and determine what puts someone at risk for leukemia. In fact, all of the articles I located came from various professional medical journals, and each consisted of a different project investigating what puts someone at risk for the disease. When reviewing all of these articles, I found that much of the detailed information on the studies was very advanced, and too technical for the approach I wanted to take for this paper. However, I found that the abstracts to these articles contained very effective summaries of the articles including the results, and whether or not the study had revealed a legitimate risk factor.
The article “Early Child-Care and Preschool Experiences” (2000) examines day care centers, and their roll with childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. The article goes into great detail on how the study sample was selected, how all data was recorded, and detailed analysis of the results. The study was conducted in New York City, where the day-care history of many different children was examined. The parents were questioned, and the health profiles of children who attended day care were compared to those who did not. The results of the study disproved the hypothesis that child day-care at an early age was associated with causing childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia.
The research recorded in the article “Risk Factors for Acute Myeloid Leukemia” (2002) details an investigation in Orange County. The abstract explains that both toxins found in cigarette smoke and fumes from industrial waste dumps proved to be risk factors among the patients tested; these patients included people who were former smokers, as well as residents of areas near a petroleum refinery waste dump. The article itself gives a very detailed and
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technical account of the tests and experiments performed; the results as well as the limitations of the study are thoroughly explained.
A third article, “Birth Characteristics and Leukemia in Young Children,” (2002) describes a study conducted to determine the connection between leukemia and various birth characteristics. The abstract reveals that out of 1,957 cases of leukemia in children under five from 1988-1997, 88% of these cases were born in California. Random birth certificates were chosen from the California birth registry for examination. There were many relevant discoveries, including that Down’s syndrome appeared to be a risk factor for both acute lymphoid leukemia and acute nonlymphoid leukemia. In addition, it was discovered that African-American children had a decreased risk for acute lymphoid leukemia, while older maternal age increased this risk. Asian and Pacific Islanders exhibited an increased risk for acute nonlymphoid leukemia. No connection was made between the two diseases and the birth weight of children. The article gives thorough information on the demographics of the patients studied, and lists of data collected are also given.
Another study conducted in California is described in the abstract to the article “Childhood Cancer and Agricultural Pesticide Use” (2002). The purpose of this research was to determine if there was any connection between exposure to pesticides, and cancer in children under 15. Race, sex, age, and other such factors were taken into account when estimating the risk due to exposure, and the types of cancer were separated into categories such as leukemia verses cancers of the nervous system. The study discovered that there was no strong connection between exposure to pesticides and most cancers, however there was a very slight increase in childhood leukemias. According to the abstract from “Raising the Alarm,” and article found in The Environmental Magazine (2001) there are also concerns rising about the electromagnetic fields emitted from various power lines and electrical appliances. A study conducted in 1979 revealed that children living near such power lines were at a higher risk for developing leukemia. Even though the U.S. government felt that this study revealed results that were not significant enough to become concerned about, lately concerns have been raising and even more recent studies are being investigated.
Section 3: Diagnosis of Leukemia
When searching for information on the diagnostics of leukemia, I again had problems using the databases. I found that the articles I could locate were either not about diagnosing leukemia at all, or only contained a very small amount of information pertaining to what I was looking for. I again found my internet searches to be the most successful.
Varian Medical Systems (2003) gives a brief overview of how a physician proceeds to diagnosis a patient with leukemia. Initially, a doctor examines the patient’s medical history, and may feel for swelling of the lymph nodes or spleen. Following the preliminary examination, the doctor may call for a blood test which could reveal the presence of a leukemia, although it would not portray which type. To diagnosis the specific type of leukemia, a bone marrow sample may be examined, and if found positive for leukemia, further tests and imaging techniques can be used to determine the extent of the disease.
The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society (n.d.) had an excellent web site containing information on understanding blood counts, one of the primary methods used to diagnosis leukemia. The homepage provides links to the answers of commonly asked questions such as what a blood test is, and how it relays information about various illnesses. A blood count is a test in which information about various chemicals and cells normally located in the blood can be recorded. The number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets is recorded, as well as the levels of hemoglobin. Also a hematocrit can be calculated, giving the ration of red blood cells to the total amount of blood. Another helpful link gave information about how leukemias affect a patient’s blood count. A normal white blood cell count is around 7,000 per micro liter of blood, but leukemia patients can have counts that are many times higher. The site also provides information on how different treatments will affect the blood count.
The American Cancer Society (2003) provides thorough information about how chronic leukemia is diagnosed on their web site. Chronic leukemia is often difficult to diagnose because “even when symptoms are present, they are often vague and nonspecific” (para. 1). Many generic symptoms of chronic leukemia, such as “weakness, fatigue, reduced exercise tolerance, weight loss, fever, bone pain, and pain in the abdomen” can also occur with many other diseases (para. 1). If the leukemia spreads to other parts of the body, it can cause other symptoms as well. Most characteristic of leukemia however, is the enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver as cancerous cells accumulate in these areas. This site then lists and explains a number of different diagnostic techniques. These included blood counts, which examine the relative number of different cells in the blood, blood chemistry tests, which are usually used to examine the effectiveness of chemotherapy, bone marrow tests, which again determine the relative amounts of various cells in the marrow, lymph node biopsies, which can show
whether or not cancerous cells are accumulating in the nodes, and lumbar punctures, a non-routine procedure which is usually done only if it is suspected that the leukemia has traveled to the brain or spinal cord (para. 11-17). Finally, the site gives a very technical account of the different laboratory techniques performed to classify the type of leukemia a patient has as well as various imaging studies used to produce internal pictures of the disease.
Section 4: Living with Leukemia
I thought it would be important to research what exactly a leukemia patient lives through while having the disease. In other words, I wanted to research the symptoms and side effects associated with leukemia and the common treatments most patients receive.
After searching the internet, I revisited the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society’s website. The provided excellent information on how to live with the disease. I found it interesting to learn that the survival rates for both leukemia and lymphoma have increased drastically over the past few decades, and this news has proved encouraging for leukemia patients. The site provided links to information on treatment as well as information on treatments that are considered unorthodox. Another useful link provided information on how to cope with the unavoidable side effects of leukemia and it’s treatments, such as vomiting, hair loss, and fatigue. Also offered information about how to cope with the psychological stress of having the disease both within and without a family, how to deal with medical leave, and how to contact various support groups that are available for leukemia patients.
The M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (2003) also provides excellent information about dealing with leukemia. This site gave detailed information about each of the possible side effects for leukemia patients. For instance, a higher incidence of infection, due to the loss of ability to produce mature white blood cells, is common. Other such side effects include fatigue, bleeding from the nose and gums, bowel irritation, nausea and vomiting, sore mouth, hair loss, and weight loss. Also explained is the difference in white blood cell, red blood cell, and platelet blood donations, as well as links to information on support groups for the patient and their family.
According to the article “Living with Leukemia,” (2002) around 30,000 new case of leukemia appear in the U.S. annually (para. 4). The article goes on to give some general background on the various forms of leukemia as well as the symptoms commonly associated with the disease and common diagnostic techniques. There was information provided on chemotherapy, anticancer drugs, and also new treatments that are used to treat leukemia. information on bone marrow transplants is included, and the personal account of Tom Kochanowiciz’s experience receiving a transfer is also given. The article also discusses biologic therapy, a relatively new form of cancer treatment which uses the body’s immune system to fight off the cancerous cells (para 43). Also offered is information on future of leukemia, and a glossary of terms regarding the disease.
Section 5: Treatments for Leukemia
Throughout the past several decades, amazing advancements have been made in the field of cancer treatments, and even cures. There are a range of different treatments that can greatly lengthen the life expectancy of cancer patients. Although the most common treatments include chemotherapy and bone marrow transplants, I was able to find much information regarding new leukemia treatments in both the databases and the Internet.
The article “Protein Vaccine Slows Leukemia” (2003) reveals that “by injecting leukemia patients with part of a protein found in greater abundance on cancerous cells than on healthy ones, researchers have been able to induce some patients’ immune systems to fight this blood cancer” (para. 1). The vaccine would cause a patient’s T cells to attack cancerous cells in the blood. According to a study conducted by Jeffrey J. Molldrem at the University of Texas, 15 patients were injected with the protein vaccine and five achieved complete remission and three other showed lesser responses to the vaccine.
An article by Jessa Netting (2001) discusses the possibility of new treatments which actually use proteins produced from leukemia’s cancerous cells to kill the nuclei of the cell forcing it to “commit suicide” (para. 1). According to a study conducted at the University of California, a “two-drug punch” was used to trap the proteins inside the nuclei of the mutant cells which were not able to endure contact with such proteins causing the cell to die (para. 2). However, normal white blood cells remain unharmed through this process. The article then discusses the stages of chronic myelogenous leukemia, and how once the disease progresses to advanced states, even bone marrow transplants can do little to save some patients. Yet, the protein produced in both stages of the disease, which tells the cells to produce more cancer cells, can be used against the disease if trapped inside the nucleus.
According to an article by Bob LaMendola (1998) bone marrow transplants are no better at inducing remission in leukemia patients than chemotherapy. In fact, bone marrow transplants can sometimes cause complications that can even cause an earlier death in leukemia patients. With the advances in chemotherapy drugs, about 70% of leukemia patients are cured by such chemotherapy treatments while only about 60 percent of transplant patients are cured (para. 10- 11). A study conducted in 1999 revealed that out of 261 adult leukemia patients, 19 percent of transplant patients died in contrast to only three percent of chemotherapy patients (para. 12).
An online article by Jayne E. Henney (2000) reveals that the FDA approved an arsenic trioxide treatment for certain leukemia patients. This treatment is able to convert the immature cancer cells into mature, normal-functioning white blood cells. In a study of 40 leukemia patients, 70 percent had complete remission after arsenic trioxide treatment while there were 18 “complete responders” (para. 3). This study revealed that the arsenic trioxide treatment may be more effective than another previous treatment, ATRA. The article also gives detailed information about other patient responses over various periods of time.
The National Cancer Institute (1999) describes another study about arsenic trioxide on their website. The study was conducted on 12 acute promyelocytic leukemia patients (a type of acute myeloid leukemia) and revealed that 11 of the patients had complete remission of their leukemia after receiving the arsenic trioxide treatment. The risks of this treatments are found within some of its more dangerous side effects; if given in doses that are too potent, the treatment could become highly toxic and could cause kidney failure, however, the lower doses only revealed mild side effects.
The article “New Cancer Drug Approved” (2000) discusses the recently approved drug Mylotarg which may be used to treat older patients (60 years and older) with a specific type of acute myeloid leukemia that has come out of remission after chemotherapy. While chemotherapy is given for several days and usually requires the patient to remain in the hospital for about a week, the Mylotarg treatment only takes about two hours and is given two weeks apart, and sometimes dose not even require a hospital stay (para. 2). Mylotarg functions by attaching itself to external proteins on the leukemia cells, which causes the cell to die when it absorbs the toxic chemicals from the treatment. Although some side effects include decreased bone marrow productivity and liver toxicity, only rare allergic reactions have occurred (para. 3).
An article by Christine Gorman (2001) discusses the approval of the anticancer drug Gleevec. This drug was approved by the FDA in record time and is now used to treat patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. The drug blocks the chemical signals that cause cancerous growth in leukemia cells. According to a study in the New England Journal of Medicine 51 out of 53 patients receiving high doses of Gleevec had successful results with only a few mild side effects including nausea, swelling and diarrhea (para. 2). The article gives additional information on price ranges of the drug.
Another article by Nathan Seppa (2001) explains that although Gleevec is very efficient in treating chronic myeloid leukemia, it does little for patients that have reached advanced phases of the disease. New discoveries have led scientists to believe that new treatments could be developed which are much more successful than Gleevec at treating chronic myeloid leukemia during its more fatal stages. The article goes on to discuss exactly how Gleevec works as well as the discoveries that could allow for better treatments in the future.
The online article “Another Breakthrough Treatment” (2002) describes a new drug that will hopefully be as successful in treating acute myeloid leukemia as Gleevec is with treating the chronic form of the disease (para 1). In contrast to chronic myeloid leukemia, which is fairly treatable, acute myeloid leukemia is more fatal. This treatment is designed to transform the deadly acute myeloid leukemia to a more treatable form. The article details the specific types of acute myeloid leukemia the new treatment targets, the physiology of the drug, and the research being conducted to test the new treatment.
According to the abstract from the article “Children’s Cancer, Babies’ blood” (1996) transplants of placental blood may be more effective in treating leukemia than bone marrow transplants. There must be an exact blood and tissue type match for a bone marrow transplant to be successful. But a study from Duke University reported that since placental blood does not have developed immune cells, it is more “forgiving” throughout the transplant process. If developed further, the procedure could be very successful because placental blood can be accessed in abundance. The full text article describes the study of placental blood in more depth, as well as predictions for such transplants in the future.
There is so much information available about leukemia as it is one of the major types of cancer. I had to greatly narrow my focus to researching leukemia on a level that would be relevant to someone who is interested in having a thorough, but not incredibly technical overview of the disease. I wanted to provide information that would be useful to someone like myself who perhaps has a loved one with the disease, or is just interested in finding out basic information for their own benefit. I was very impressed with the results of my research. I was pleased with all of the information I gathered from both the databases (primarily Wilson Select Plus) and from the Internet. I was able to locate so much valid and professional information that it was difficult to narrow down my results and choose which articles to use in the essay.
I was amazed at, not only the amount of research that is performed every year to further treatments for leukemia and other cancers, but also the progress and advancements in treatments. Over the past several decades leukemia has gone from a disease that was virtually incurable to a disease that can now be treated so well that disease can be sent into complete remission. New treatments can greatly prolong the lives of leukemia patients and there is hope that on the horizon someday soon a treatment will be available to cure all forms of the disease.

USE PEER REVIEWED ARTICLES also TO DO YOUR RESEARCH AND TO CITE THE SOURCES it’s plenty of websites that offer peer reviewed articles. FEEL FREE TO REACH OUT TO ME IF YOU NEED ANYTHING

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