Answer

Module7-Case Study Assignment

The Factors that affect Fertility (STDs)

There are several factors that affect fertility in men. Based on this scenario, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have ability to affect fertility in men. The process is similar to how Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases (PID) damage women’s fallopian tube, hence affect their fertility. The structure of the male reproductive organ, which includes urethra and epididymis, can be damaged by infection due to untreated STDs, hence can fail to produce and transport semen. On the same note, viral infections and immunodeficiency which are caused by HIV reduces the quality and quantity of semen in men making it harder for men to impregnate their partners. According to the study conducted by Blay et al. (2020), some infections have the ability to interfere with production of sperms, sperm health or can create scars that blocks sperm passage.

Why Inflammatory Markers rise in STD/PID

The rise of inflammatory markers such as serum CA-125 in patients with PID and STD can be explained in several ways; however, the main one is increased peritoneal secretions. The increase is associated with peritoneal leakage of an endometritic cysts and inflammatory reactions in mesothelial cells. Evidently, STDS such as Chlamydia cause more peritoneal irritations than other pathogens (Blay et al., 2020).

Why Prostatitis and Infection happen. Also Explain the Causes of Systemic Reaction

Prostatitis is an inflammation and swelling of the prostate gland situated directly below the bladder in males.  It is frequently caused by widespread strains of bacteria and happens when bacteria in urine gets its way into one’s prostate (Khan et al., 2017). On the same note, a damage of the nerve in the lower urinary tract caused by trauma or surgery to the area can also cause prostatits, and in this case, it is not caused by bacteria. A systematic reaction happens when an inflammation spreads from the localized region of the affected organ to other organs.  The cause of systemic reaction in prostatitis follows inability to treat the disease hence the bacteria move to other organs of the body.

Why a Patient would need a Splenectomy after a Diagnosis of ITP

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an immune disorder which prevents blood from normal clotting. It is important for individuals who have been diagnosed with Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura to undergo splenectomy because their immune system does not recognize the hence considers them as unfamiliar and foreign materials to be wiped out. Since the spleen is in charge of removing damaged platelets, its removal can assist these people to have more platelets in the body. According to Chaturvedi et al. (2018), splenectomy has been used as a typical treatment for ITP before certain managements were developed.

Anemia and the different kinds of Anemia

Anemia is a condition in which blood does not have enough healthy and functional red blood cells.  It results from lack of red blood cells or dysfunctional blood cells in the body which leads to reduced flow of oxygen to body organs. The symptoms include skin pallor, dizziness, shortness of breath, light headedness, fatigue, and fast heartbeat (Azam et al., 2020). Anemia is classified as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic based on the mean corpuscular volume (MCV). The normal MCV is 80–100 fL, Microcytic Anemia (MCV <80 fL), and Macrocytic Anemia (MCV >100 fL).