Chirality-Isolation of Limonene from Citrus fruits

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  • QUESTION

    MODULE 2 ASSIGNMENT 

    http://colonialam.weebly.com/rise-of-racial-slavery-in-america.html

    Base your answer to the following question on the information presented in
    this lesson (and in the American Yawp). Do not use outside sources. Be sure
    The Assignment for Module 2 includes two short-answer question. Each is worth 5 points. For this Assignment, answer the following questions in 1-2 paragraphs each. Base your answer on the information presented the Rise of the Racial Slavery lesson. (You may also include additional information from the American Yawp but be sure to use specific examples included in the Sway lesson.) Do not use outside sources. Do not copy or share answers. (Be sure to complete the lesson before completing this assignment.)

    Question 1: How did slavery change over time in Virginia? (Did it become more defined and stricter or did it remain the same throughout the colonial period? Use specific examples to support your answer.)

    Question 2 is a primary source analysis question. Analyze the two perspectives of the Stono Rebellion, 1739. The first account, “An Account of the Negroe Insurrection in South Carolina,” is from a white official from South Carolina in 1739. The second source, A Family Account of the Stono Uprising, is an oral account by Cato, a black slave leader of the Stono Rebellion, as told by his descendants. Although Cato lived and experienced the 1739 rebellion, his story only became public after his family made it public in 1937.
    What did each say about the Stono Rebellion? What does one learn from reading both accounts? What is the primary tone and message of each account? What accounts for their differences?

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Subject Business Pages 7 Style APA
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Answer

  1. Chirality- Isolation of Limonene from Citrus Fruits

    INTRODUCTION

    The purpose of this experiment is two-fold: (i) to obtain Limonene from citrus fruits through steam distillation and (ii) to analyze the optical rotation and enantiomeric excess (optical purity) of the fruits using polarimetry.

    Limonene belongs to a class of aromatic compounds, mainly terpenoids in composition and characterized by several isoprene repeat units (Ludwiczuk, Skalicka-Woźniak & Georgiev, 2017). These include monoterpenes which comprise 2 isoprene units, sesquiterpenes with three isoprene units, diterpenes containing 4 isoprene units and triterpenes with 6 isoprene units (Asia, Nicholas, Segui & Ballivian, 2020).

    Limonene is extracted by steam distillation, as aromatics are thermally decomposable under high temperatures (Valderrama & Ruiz, 2017). Subsequently, polarimetry is deployed to determine the chirality of the limonene. Chirality is the “direction of rotation” of the substance (Telo, 2016). Additionally, chirality confirms optical activity and the presence of a chiral center, a carbon attached to four other groups (Weldegirma, 2016; Telo, 2016). Polarimetry is a necessary tool for establishing optical purity through measurement of enantiomeric excess (ee), or optical purity.

    Findings from the experiment show the specific rotation to be about “half of the literature value” (Asia, Nicholas, Segui & Ballivian, 2020). Many studies associate this outcome with a high concentration of limonene in the samples being investigated. Similarly, the optical rotation of the sample was found to be 11 (Asia, Nicholas, Segui & Ballivian, 2020). The ee was found to be 11.34%, one possibility for this result could be that our sample was not pure, therefore accounting for the low percentage. A percentage of 100% means a pure enantiomer (Weldegirma, 2016).

    Figure 1: Schematic Diagram for Extraction of Limonene

    Source: Asia, Nicholas, Segui & Ballivian (2020)

     

     

     

     

    Figure 2: Schematic Diagram for Polarimetry

    Source: Asia, Nicholas, Segui & Ballivian (2020)

     

Reference

 

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  • QUESTIONWeek 4 Discusssion 
    This is a discussion question that I need answered. I need the second portion of the questioned answered thoroughly, both bullet points. I have highlighted it in yellow to show that it is what I need answered. I need this r returned to me completed without any grammatical or punctual errors. The company that I want this question written about is Nissan Motor Corporation.
      Choose ONE of the following discussion question options to respond to: Using Adverse Conditions to a Company's Advantage
    • Chakravorti (2010) discusses four methods that corporate innovators use to turn adverse conditions to their advantage. Examine an organization of your choice and briefly discuss how the organization might use one of these methods.
    -OR- Assessing Risk and Reward
    • Using the company of your choice, identify an important and difficult decision that they faced. What were the most important risks and the most important rewards of the decision?
    • What data, analysis or perspective would you have used to help Sr. Management decide if the rewards outweighed the risks?
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Subject Business Pages 4 Style APA
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Answer

Chirality- Isolation of Limonene from Citrus Fruits

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this experiment is two-fold: (i) to obtain Limonene from citrus fruits through steam distillation and (ii) to analyze the optical rotation and enantiomeric excess (optical purity) of the fruits using polarimetry.

Limonene belongs to a class of aromatic compounds, mainly terpenoids in composition and characterized by several isoprene repeat units (Ludwiczuk, Skalicka-Woźniak & Georgiev, 2017). These include monoterpenes which comprise 2 isoprene units, sesquiterpenes with three isoprene units, diterpenes containing 4 isoprene units and triterpenes with 6 isoprene units (Asia, Nicholas, Segui & Ballivian, 2020).

Limonene is extracted by steam distillation, as aromatics are thermally decomposable under high temperatures (Valderrama & Ruiz, 2017). Subsequently, polarimetry is deployed to determine the chirality of the limonene. Chirality is the “direction of rotation” of the substance (Telo, 2016). Additionally, chirality confirms optical activity and the presence of a chiral center, a carbon attached to four other groups (Weldegirma, 2016; Telo, 2016). Polarimetry is a necessary tool for establishing optical purity through measurement of enantiomeric excess (ee), or optical purity.

Findings from the experiment show the specific rotation to be about “half of the literature value” (Asia, Nicholas, Segui & Ballivian, 2020). Many studies associate this outcome with a high concentration of limonene in the samples being investigated. Similarly, the optical rotation of the sample was found to be 11 (Asia, Nicholas, Segui & Ballivian, 2020). The ee was found to be 11.34%, one possibility for this result could be that our sample was not pure, therefore accounting for the low percentage. A percentage of 100% means a pure enantiomer (Weldegirma, 2016).

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram for Extraction of Limonene

Source: Asia, Nicholas, Segui & Ballivian (2020)

 

 

 

 

Figure 2: Schematic Diagram for Polarimetry

Source: Asia, Nicholas, Segui & Ballivian (2020)

.

References

 

  • Chirality- Isolation of Limonene from Citrus Fruits

    INTRODUCTION

    The purpose of this experiment is two-fold: (i) to obtain Limonene from citrus fruits through steam distillation and (ii) to analyze the optical rotation and enantiomeric excess (optical purity) of the fruits using polarimetry.

    Limonene belongs to a class of aromatic compounds, mainly terpenoids in composition and characterized by several isoprene repeat units (Ludwiczuk, Skalicka-Woźniak & Georgiev, 2017). These include monoterpenes which comprise 2 isoprene units, sesquiterpenes with three isoprene units, diterpenes containing 4 isoprene units and triterpenes with 6 isoprene units (Asia, Nicholas, Segui & Ballivian, 2020).

    Limonene is extracted by steam distillation, as aromatics are thermally decomposable under high temperatures (Valderrama & Ruiz, 2017). Subsequently, polarimetry is deployed to determine the chirality of the limonene. Chirality is the “direction of rotation” of the substance (Telo, 2016). Additionally, chirality confirms optical activity and the presence of a chiral center, a carbon attached to four other groups (Weldegirma, 2016; Telo, 2016). Polarimetry is a necessary tool for establishing optical purity through measurement of enantiomeric excess (ee), or optical purity.

    Findings from the experiment show the specific rotation to be about “half of the literature value” (Asia, Nicholas, Segui & Ballivian, 2020). Many studies associate this outcome with a high concentration of limonene in the samples being investigated. Similarly, the optical rotation of the sample was found to be 11 (Asia, Nicholas, Segui & Ballivian, 2020). The ee was found to be 11.34%, one possibility for this result could be that our sample was not pure, therefore accounting for the low percentage. A percentage of 100% means a pure enantiomer (Weldegirma, 2016).

    Figure 1: Schematic Diagram for Extraction of Limonene

    Source: Asia, Nicholas, Segui & Ballivian (2020)

     

     

     

     

    Figure 2: Schematic Diagram for Polarimetry

    Source: Asia, Nicholas, Segui & Ballivian (2020)

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