Clean Water and Sanitation as a Sustainable Development Goal in Kenya’s Primary Healthcare

QUESTION

Supplementary Assessment NUR3101 S3 2020: Critical essay

Task overview

Course	NUR3101 Primary Health Care in a Global Context
Assessment name	Written Assessment: Critical Essay – Supplementary (Make-up) Assessment
Brief task description	This assignment requires you to write a critical essay analysing primary healthcare within a country, analysing one (1) of the identified Sustainable Development Goals and its impact on the provision of primary healthcare including programs addressing the global health challenge.
Due Date	By AEST 2355 15^th March 2021
Length	1000 words +/-10% (word length includes in-text referencing and excludes your reference list)
Marks out of: Weighting:	100 marks To be awarded a passing Grade for a Supplementary Assessment, the student must achieve at least 50% of the available Marks Maximum grade available for a Supplementary Assessment is a grade of C https://policy.usq.edu.au/documents/14749PL#4.4
Course Objectives measured	Demonstrate an understanding of equity, social justice and the epidemiology of health and disease across different population groups in a global context. Critically analyse the significance to nursing practice of (i) the social determinants of health; (ii) the health impacts of climate change and environmental degradation; (iii) availability, accessibility, acceptability, affordability, and cultural appropriateness of health service provision. Construct innovative, person-centred solutions to global health issues through the application of evidence-based theory, reflection critique and academic literacy skills. Identify and understand prevalent global health issues
Rationale / Graduate Attributes	This assessment enables students to work towards developing the following graduate attributes: Well-informed individuals with discipline-specific expertise and industry knowledge relevant to their profession or area of study Critical, creative, thinkers who can integrate and apply knowledge and relevant skills, including research and digital literacy skills, to analyse and evaluate ideas, concepts, theories and problems, and offer insights, innovative approaches and solutions; Effective communicators and collaborators who actively and respectfully lead, listen, reflect, discuss and negotiate in order to work productively with a range of individuals and groups, including professional teams; Ethical, engaged professionals and citizens who engage in, non-discriminatory, safe practices and consider the local, global, social, economic, legal and environmental influences on, and impact of, their attitudes and actions; Culturally capable individuals who are self-aware and sensitive to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander knowledges and perspectives, equitable and respectful of diversity and multiculturalism, and can apply these capabilities in their professional practice.

Task information

Task detail	Global health challenges are those which impact on all human populations. “The Sustainable Development Goals (UN) are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. They address the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental, degradation, peace and justice. The 17 Goals are all interconnected, and in order to leave no-one behind, it is important that we achieve them all by 2030” (United Nations, ND). For this assessment you must select ONE (1) country in the African Region. You must choose to address ONE (1) of the following Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): 1. No Poverty 2. Zero Hunger 4. Quality Education 5. Gender Equality 6. Clean Water and Sanitation 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth More detail about each goal can be found at United Nations, (ND). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved from: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ Once you have chosen one (1) country within the African region and one (1) SDG from the list above: Write a critical essay which analyses primary healthcare within the selected African country, including discussion on the population demographic accessing care, social determinants of health, and the role of the interdisciplinary team, including nurses. Analyse the selected SDG, including social justice and equity issues affecting achievement of the SDG within the selected country and analyse the impact of the identified social justice and equity issues on the provision of primary healthcare within the selected country. Discuss programs aimed at achieving the global health challenge (SDG), including addressing the social justice and equity issues. Your essay should include: a) Overview of one (1) selected African country and discussion on the population demographic accessing primary healthcare, including social determinants of health. b) Analysis of primary healthcare within the selected country and the role of the interdisciplinary team, including nurses. c) Analyse one (1) selected Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) including social justice and equity issues affecting achievement of the SDG within the selected country. Analyse the impact of the identified social and equity issues on the provision of primary healthcare within the selected African country. d) Discuss programs within the selected African country which are working toward achieving the one (1) SDG, including addressing the identified social justice and equity issues.
Writing Style	This assignment should be written using scholarly convention, academic structure, and writing including reference to relevant peer reviewed articles and utilisation of APA style referencing.
Referencing/ citations	For this assessment you will use APA 7^th referencing style. Sources: your reference list must include at least 8 scholarly sources with the majority no older than 6 years old. In text citations: You must include in-text citations in the body of your work. Each new point or piece of evidence must be attributed (via in-text citation) to the source.
Formatting Style	Assignments should be presented using: Double-line spacing Times New Roman 12 point font Word document – do not submit the written essay as a PDF
Resources available to complete task	The NUR3101 Study Desk Assessment Tab contains resources to help you with this assessment Support for academic writing (and referencing) is available from the Learning Advisor and Liaison Librarian, you can find information and contact them via their site: Study and Research Support for Health & Community students Other helpful links: Study Support: https://www.usq.edu.au/library/study-support/assignments. Academic writing and Proofreading: https://www.usq.edu.au/library/study-support/assignments/academic-writing-and-proofreading

Submission information

What you need to submit	One Microsoft Word document which contains the following items: Footer on each page must include: unit code, unit name, semester and year, assignment title, student name, student number Do not submit the marking rubric Do not include a coversheet
Submission requirements	This assessment task must: use the latest version of APA referencing (7^th edition is acceptable) be submitted in electronic format via StudyDesk Turnitin has been enabled so that students can check for similarity matching within their assessment and make amendments prior to the due date to demonstrate academic integrity.
File Name Conventions	Save your document with the following naming conventions: surname_initial _ studentnumber_A2.doc/docx (A2 stands for Assignment 2 ) E.g: Jones_J_006233466_A2_NUR3101.docx
Marking and Moderation	This task will be marked against the marking criteria available on StudyDesk. All staff who are assessing your work meet to discuss and compare grading averages before marks or grades are finalised. Final release of grades will normally be within three weeks of submission. This same timeframe applies for any approvals for an extension of time commencing at the time of submission.
Academic Integrity	Student’s should be familiar with USQ’s policy on Academic Integrity: https://policy.usq.edu.au/documents/13752PL Turnitin has been enabled so that students can check for similarity matching within their assessment and make amendments prior to the due date to demonstrate academic integrity. Allow at least 24 hours for return of the turnitin report.
Assessment policy/ procedure Extensions and Late Submissions	Students are encouraged to access the USQ assessment policy: https://policy.usq.edu.au/documents/1357PL Applications for an extension of time will only be considered if received in accordance with the USQ Assessment procedure https://policy.usq.edu.au/documents/14749PL and the Assessment of Compassionate and Compelling Circumstances Procedure: https://policy.usq.edu.au/documents/131150PL Note that USQ’s procedures requires applications are made for extensions PRIOR to the due date of the assessment.

NUR3101 Marking Rubric- Supplementary assessment – S3, 2020

CRITERIA	Highest Grade Possible					Lowest Grade Possible	Total
WRITTEN ESSAY	20—17	16.9—15	14.9—13	12.9—10	9.9—0.1	0
a) Overview of one (1) selected African country and the demographic of those accessing primary healthcare including social determinants of health.	Extensive overview of the selected country. Extensive discussion on the demographic of those accessing primary healthcare within the selected country, including discussion on the social determinants of health. Includes significant, recent, relevant, epidemiological data.	Thorough overview of the selected country. Thorough discussion on the demographic of those accessing primary healthcare within the selected country, including discussion on the social determinants of health. Includes significant, relevant, epidemiological data.	Complete overview of the selected country. Complete discussion on the demographic of those accessing primary healthcare within the selected country, including discussion on the social determinants of health. Includes relevant, epidemiological data.	Description of the selected country. Generalised discussion on the demographic of those accessing primary healthcare within the selected country, including discussion on the social determinants of health. Includes epidemiological data.	Limited overview of the selected country. Country not in Africa. Generalised discussion of the population. Non-specific data or discussion. Limited or no social determinants of health discussed. Limited epidemiological data.	No evidence of meeting this criterion.	/20
	20—17	16.9—15	14.9—13	12.9—10	9.9—0.1	0
b) Analysis of primary healthcare within the selected African country and the role of the interdisciplinary team, including nurses.	Extensive analysis of primary healthcare within the selected country. Extensive analysis on the role of the interdisciplinary team, including discussion on the role of nurses.	Thorough analysis of primary healthcare within the selected country. Thorough analysis on the role of the interdisciplinary team, including discussion on the role of nurses.	Complete analysis of primary healthcare within the selected country. Complete analysis on the role of the interdisciplinary team, including discussion on the role of nurses.	Describes primary healthcare within the selected country. Describes the role of the interdisciplinary team, includes description on the role of nurses.	Limited description of primary healthcare in the selected country or discussion not specific to selected country. Limited description of the role of the interdisciplinary team. Limited or no discussion on the role of nurses.	No evidence of meeting this criterion.	/20
	30—25.5	25.4—22.5	22.4—19.5	19.4—15	14.9—0.1	0
c) Analyse one (1) selected Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) including social justice and equity issues affecting achievement of the SDG within the selected country. Analyse the impact of the identified social and equity issues on the provision of primary healthcare within the selected African country.	Extensive analysis of one (1) SDG including social justice and equity issues affecting achievement of the SDG. Extensive analysis of the impact of the identified social justice and equity issues on the provision of primary healthcare within the selected African country.	Thorough analysis of one (1) SDG including social justice and equity issues affecting achievement of the SDG. Thorough analysis of the impact of the identified social justice and equity issues on the provision of primary healthcare within the selected African country.	Complete analysis of one (1) SDG including social justice and equity issues affecting achievement of the SDG. Complete analysis of the impact of the identified social justice and equity issues on the provision of primary healthcare within the selected African country.	Describes one (1) SDG including social justice and equity issues affecting achievement of the SDG. Describes the impact of the identified social justice and equity issues on the provision of primary healthcare within the selected African country.	Limited description of one (1) SDG. Limited discussion on social justice and equity issues affecting achievement of the SDG. Limited description of the impact of social justice and equity issues on the provision of primary healthcare within the selected African country or description not relevant to the selected country.	No evidence of meeting this criterion.	/30
	10—8.5	8.4—7.5	7.4—6.5	6.4-5	4.9—0.1	0
d) Discuss programs within the selected African country which are working toward achieving the one (1) SDGS, including addressing the identified social justice and equity issues.	Extensive discussion of the programs within the selected country which are working toward achieving the one (1) SDG, including programs addressing the identified social justice and equity issues.	Thorough discussion of the programs within the selected country which are working toward achieving the one (1) SDG, including programs addressing the identified social justice and equity issues.	Complete discussion of the programs within the selected country which are working toward achieving the one (1) SDG, including programs addressing the identified social justice and equity issues.	Describes programs within the selected country which are working toward achieving the one (1) SDG, including programs addressing the identified social justice and equity issues.	Identifies programs aimed at achieving SDG. Programs not related to SDG or not related to the selected country. No or limited discussion on programs addressing identified social justice and equity issues.	No evidence of meeting this criterion.	/10
GRAMMAR	10—8.5	8.4—7.5	7.4—6.5	6.4-5	4.9-1	0.9-0
a) Scholarly academic writing, meets standards for submission.	High level achievement of academic writing skills. Excellent essay construction, no errors in grammar or spelling. Critical discussion techniques evident. Word limit/presentation: Adhered to word limit +/- 10%	Very good demonstration of academic writing skills including spelling and grammar. Elements of critical discussion evident. Word limit/presentation: Adhered to word limit +/- 10%	Good demonstration of academic writing skills including spelling and grammar. Attempts of critical discussion evident. Word limit/presentation: Adhered to word limit +/- 10%	Adequate demonstration of academic writing skills. Minimal errors in spelling and grammar. Word limit/presentation: Adhered to word limit +/- 10%	Academic writing skills require development. Moderate errors with spelling and/or grammar. Poor essay construction, no evidence of critical discussion. Word limit/presentation: Exceeds/Under word count by 10-20%.	Ineffective academic writing skills which significantly detract from the quality of the work. Word limit/presentation: Exceeds/Under word count by >20%.	/10
REFERENCING	10—8.5	8.4—7.5	7.4—6.5	6.4-5	4.9-1	0.9-0
b) Evidence of reading/research Use of course relevant references – majority published within last 6 years. Use of APA Style referencing in both sections of assignment i.e. citations in assignment text and reference list.	Evidence of comprehensive reading with eight (8) or more sources cited to support the work. Highly relevant contemporary published literature used. Adherence to APA referencing is excellent both in-text and in the reference list	Evidence of wide reading with seven (7) sources cited to support the work. Relevant contemporary published literature used. Adherence to APA referencing is good both in-text and in the reference list with minimal errors in one section.	Evidence of satisfactory reading with five-six (5-6) sources cited to support the work. Relevant contemporary published literature used. Adherence to APA referencing is satisfactory both in-text and in the reference list with several errors in one section	Evidence of reading is present with four (4) or less sources cited to support the work. Literature outdated (> 7yrs). Use of websites is evident as a reference source. Adherence to referencing is poor with multiple errors in both sections.	Limited or ineffective use of references. Inaccurate use of APA with many inconsistencies in use. Demonstrates an attempt but requires significant development.	No evidence of reading to support the work or the literature used was not relevant. Use of poor, non-peer reviewed web sites used as reference sources. No adherence to referencing style in both sections – assignment and reference list. No in-text references or reference list not provided.	/10
MARKS LOST FOR LATE PENALTY IF RELEVANT (as per assessment procedure)
FINAL MARK (MARKS AWARDED LESS LATE PENALTY)						/100

Comments from marker:

Marker name:

Date:

Subject	Nursing	Pages	15	Style	APA

Answer

Clean Water and Sanitation as a Sustainable Development Goal in Kenya’s Primary Healthcare

Introduction

As a developing country in the African continent, Kenya boasts of bolstering its health care system towards providing comprehensive medical coverage to all its citizens by diversifying the health system into rural and urban areas. While doing so, the Kenyan government hopes to provide clean water and sanitationaimed at universally good hygiene. As clean water and sanitationis an important developmental goal, challenges may arise towards achieving this, but the Kenyan government has set programs to help alleviate these challenges as the country aims for comprehensive medical coverage.

Country’s Overview

According to the 2019 national census, Kenya’s population is estimated to be around 47 million. Of the entire population, 75% lives in rural areas. Kenya’s gross domestic product(GDP)per capita is at 1377 US dollars, with at least close to half of the general population living below the poverty line (World Bank Group, 2020). Although this an alarming statistic, at least three-quarters of the population has had access to formal education(World Health Organization (WHO), 2017). Of the 75% population with access to education, 52% have had the privilege to go up to primary education, while the remaining 23% have reached secondary school and above (Achoki et al., 2019). With such a GDP, Kenya has a high source of employment in the agricultural sector, averaging 32% of the country’s employment.

According to the WHO (2017) Primary Health Care Systems: Case Study from Kenya report, HIV-related diseases are the leading death cause at 29% in the country, and an under-5 mortality rate registered as of 2017. Although these are the leading causes of death in Kenya, the country is at the forefront of making significant changes and advancements, especially in delivering primary healthcare in the country.

The Kenyan government’s goal towards proper primary healthcare includes providing comprehensive medical coverage and health services. Attaining this goal includes providing maternal health services, neonatal and childcare medical services as reflected in the country’s budget. Achieving this will include upgrading healthcare systems in all healthcare facilities across the country, including all six levels of Kenya’s health system (WHO, 2017). These health systems are community services, clinics and dispensaries, maternity, nursing homes, and health centers, medium-sized private hospitals and sub-county hospitals, referral hospitals in counties and private hospitals, and referral hospitals in the national focus with nationally recognized private hospitals that provide medical education.

Providing primary healthcare involves collaboration of interdisciplinary teams in healthcare. The Kenyan health system has Kenya Medical Supplies Authority (KEMSA), which helps distribute and supply medicines across the country (Ministry of Health, 2016b). Also, regulatory boards in the country help in assuring that patients get optimal patient care. These agencies are the Nursing Council of Kenya (NCK) in charge of registering nurses and the Public Health Officers and Technicians Council (PHOTC), and the Kenya Medical Laboratory Technicians and Technologists Board (KMLTTB) in charge of medical technicians in healthcare facilities (Ministry of Health, 2016b). The Pharmacy and Poisons Board (PPB) assures all medication in healthcare facilities is certified (Ministry of Health, 2016b). Simultaneously, the Clinical Officers Council (COC) works hand in hand with doctors to disperse clinical and medical officers in county and sub-county officers to help diversify healthcare throughout the country (Ministry of Health, 2016a). The Kenya Nutritionists and Dieticians Institute (KNDI) also assures training and registration of nutritionists with certification. All these regulatory bodies work towards optimizing comprehensive medical coverage across the country, reaching populations in the urban and rural areas.

Clean Water and Sanitation in Kenya

Accessing clean water and sanitation has been a growing concern in Kenya, with the country facing challenges regarding proper health. The clean water and sanitation sustainability goal is enforced in Kenya towards giving its citizens proper hygiene. According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2019) report, only about 59% of the Kenyan population have access to water services, while 29% of the general population can access sanitary services that include proper clean toilets and practice proper hygiene(UNICEF, 2019). The statistics from this report show that as Kenya aims to provide clean drinking water and proper sanitation by 2030, the challenge is presented by increasing natural disasters and poor water management.

Water is essential in Kenya because, with agriculture as the leading employment industry in the country, water is needed to sustain food provision and proper hygiene. However, accessing clean drinking water has become a challenge for Kenyan citizens. Leading reasons for this concern include natural disasters, including floods and droughts, which have led to water levels in the country’s water sources plummeting(Snyder, 2019). Also, the water crisis has been brought about by poor water management schemeswhere people have erected boreholes that have lowered the water table and deforestation(Snyder, 2019). The consequence of these actions is that people in semi-arid areas and rural areas with little access to water use contaminated water, leading to water-borne diseases. Reduced water accessibility also poses a problem to proper hygiene practices because the population cannot wash their hands and drink water contaminated with feces from dirty rivers (Snyder, 2019). Therefore, poor hygiene has resulted in increased death cases amongst children registering the under-5 mortality rate. To reduce this issue, the Kenyan government has implemented programs to help citizens access clean water and sanitation.

Programs Implemented Towards Achieving Clean Water and Sanitation in Kenya

Through the Ministry of Health, Kenya has implemented the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) program to help with clean water and sanitation. The WASH program aims to improve water accessibility by managing water sources by encouraging reforestation endeavors and water recycling. Also, the program aims to provide and facilitate the building of proper sanitation facilities that promote better health for people in Kenya, especially children, hence reducing the under-5 mortality rate(World Vision, 2018). This will be achieved through building toilets in rural and inaccessible areas with a bid to build toilets that reduce 2014 the ratio of one toilet to 34 boys and one toilet to 29 girls to 30 boys having access to one toilet and 25 girls having access to one toile also (UNICEF, 2019). An increase in sanitation facilities reduces overcrowding, reducing water-borne and skin infections from fewer sanitation facilities (World Vision, 2018). Lastly, the WASH program aims to promote good hygiene practices by educating children on the importance of handwashing, providing access to clean drinking water, and training educators to help children with disabilities access sanitation.

Conclusion

Clean water and sanitation is an essential developmental goal that impacts the vision of Kenya in ensuring 2030’s goal of universal medical coverage. Although Kenya faces challenges with the population having little to no access of water because of poor water management and natural disasters occurring, the little water found, especially in rural areas is contaminated leading to the second largest cause of death in the country; under-5 infant mortality. Ultimately, the government’s establishment of the WASH program pushes Kenya towards the desired goal of universal healthcare by promoting clean water and sanitation initiatives, which promote good hygiene amongst children; hence, fostering better health.

This question has been answered

References

Achoki, T., Miller-Petrie, M. K., Glenn, S. D., Kalra, N., Lesego, A., Gathecha, G. K., Alam, U., Kiarie, H. W., Maina, I. W., Adetifa, I. M. O., Barsosio, H. C., Degfie, T. T., Keiyoro, P. N., Kiirithio, D. N., Kinfu, Y., Kinyoki, D. K., Kisia, J. M., Krish, V. S., Lagat, A. K., & Mooney, M. D. (2019). Health disparities across the counties of Kenya and implications for policy makers, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Global Health, 7(1), e81–e95. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30472-8

Ministry of Health. (2016a). Kenya Health Workforce Report (pp. 1–100). https://taskforce.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/KHWF_2017Report_Fullreport_042317-MR-comments.pdf

Ministry of Health. (2016b). REPUBLIC OF KENYA MINISTRY OF HEALTH (pp. 1–82). https://www.health.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Kenya-HRH-Strategy-2014-2018.pdf

Snyder, S. (2019). Water In Crisis – Spotlight Kenya. The Water Project. https://thewaterproject.org/water-crisis/water-in-crisis-kenya

UNICEF. (2019, November 11). Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Www.unicef.org. https://www.unicef.org/kenya/water-sanitation-and-hygiene#:~:text=The%20WASH%20joint%20monitoring%20programme

WHO. (2017). Case study from Kenya PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS (PRIMASYS) Abridged Version (pp. 1–12). https://www.who.int/alliance-hpsr/projects/alliancehpsr_kenyaabridgedprimasys.pdf

World Bank Group. (2020, December 15). GDP per capita (current US$) – Kenya | Data. Data.worldbank.org. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?end=2012&locations=KE&start=1960

World Vision. (2018, April 26). Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH). Www.wvi.org. https://www.wvi.org/kenya/our-work/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash

Answer

References

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