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Scenario
Sarah is paged to collect STAT blood samples from 3West, Room 226. She arrives at the nursing station to pick up the lab request form for Brenda Colby in W226 and proceeds to the room. She enters the room and introduces herself to the patient, and then proceeds to verify identification. The patient has just been admitted and does not have a hospital identification arm band yet. The nurse tells Sarah to go ahead and draw the patient, that she can verify patient ID since the physician is waiting for the results. She ensures the lab tech that she will apply the armband when it arrives. Sarah goes ahead and draws the sample since it is STAT.
Questions

  1. Was Sarah correct in collecting the blood sample? Why or why not?
  2. What does Sarah need in order to collect blood specimens from Brenda Colby?
  3. How can misidentification be prevented in the future?

Sample Solution

No, Sarah was not necessarily correct in collecting the blood sample without verifying patient identification. According to The Joint Commission (TJC), patient identification should be verified prior to any laboratory testing or procedure, even if it is STAT. In this case, Sarah should have explained the situation to the physician and asked for an alternate form of verification such as a photo ID or a copy of Brenda Colby’s medical record with her date of birth.
In order to collect blood specimens from Brenda Colby, Sarah needs proper verification of identity such as a hospital-issued arm band, a driver’s license, passport or other valid form of photo identification.
Misidentification can be prevented in the future by implementing policies that require double-checking patient information before performing any testing or procedures. Additionally, staff members should receive training on how to properly verify identity and document all information accurately.

Sample Solution

No, Sarah was not necessarily correct in collecting the blood sample without verifying patient identification. According to The Joint Commission (TJC), patient identification should be verified prior to any laboratory testing or procedure, even if it is STAT. In this case, Sarah should have explained the situation to the physician and asked for an alternate form of verification such as a photo ID or a copy of Brenda Colby’s medical record with her date of birth.
In order to collect blood specimens from Brenda Colby, Sarah needs proper verification of identity such as a hospital-issued arm band, a driver’s license, passport or other valid form of photo identification.
Misidentification can be prevented in the future by implementing policies that require double-checking patient information before performing any testing or procedures. Additionally, staff members should receive training on how to properly verify identity and document all information accurately.

(diestrus I, diestrus II and diestrus III) respectively (Maeda, 2000). Review by other authors and publications, they considered the additional phase as anestrus stage which demonstrated the inactive ovarian activity (Westwood, 2008).

The ovulation occurs from the start of proestrus stage to the end of estrus stage (Young et al., 1941; Schwarts. 1964). The mean cycle length in the female rat is 4 days, predicted from the onset of sexual maturity up to the age of 12 months (Long & Evans, 1922; Freeman, 1988).

2.2 Vaginal Cytology

The type of cells present in vaginal smears has long been used to identify the stages of the estrous cycle in laboratory rats and mice by microscopic evaluation in aiming to indicate the functional status of the hypothalamic- pituitary- ovarian axis (Cora et al., 2015).

Before the establishment of vaginal cytology, the stages of estrous cycle were defined and characterized based on behaviour changes, for instance when animal accept or ready to copulate. Apart from that, record in Cora et al. (2015) said that the morphological and histological changes can be observed in the reproductive tract of cycling females. Additionally, the observation is made in macroscopic changes such as swelling in the vulva, congestion in the uterus and vaginal excretions such as haemorrhage and mucous. The microscopic changes in uterine tissue and ovaries is observed as well to characterize the stages of estrous cycle (Cora et al., 2015).

However, in small rodents like rats, the macroscopic observations were not always reliable. Tissue pathology was and still is an invasive procedure for staging in-life estrous cycle. The need of more reliable and non- invasive protocol to determine the stages of estrous cycle has led to Stockard and Papanicolaou (1917). This publication was setting up the characterization of vaginal canal changes during the estrous cycle that can be used for any animal species, macroscopically (histology) and microscopically (cytology).

Also from the findings, other researchers such as Joseph Long, Herbert Evans and Edgar Allen, pursued their works and researches and described the estrous cycle of rats of mouse (Long & Evans, 1922; Allen, 1922). Long & Evans (1922) in their publication, expressed the importance of Stockard and Papanicolaou (1917) publication articulately. Developed by Papanicolaou, the Pap smear test now used as a

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