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Managers spend one third of their time communicating up and down the organizational hierarchy. Communication is the transfer and understanding of information from one person to another. The communication model comprises of several parts.

We want to examine the communication pathway or medium in which communication is delivered. The communication pathway is the way messages are sent, including:

Face-to-face meetings.
Electronic mail and online discussions.
Written letters or memorandums.
Telephone or voice-mail, among others.
While some people may be better at using certain mediums over others, some mediums can be better suited for the specific message being conveyed. For this week’s discussion, suppose you are a manager who needs to communicate several messages to employees of the company.

Messages
The CEO abruptly resigns after the news media reports that the CEO embezzled millions of dollars.
A plan to relocate the company.
The death of an employee.
The reassignment of one division to a new location.
Respond to the following for each of the messages above:

List the medium (telephone, email, text, face-to-face meeting, et cetera) you would use to communicate the message.
Explain why you chose that medium over the other possible mediums.
Then, consider the importance of the information conveyed in these messages. How might the choice of medium for communication impact trust and credibility among the employees?

 

Sample Solution

1. The CEO abruptly resigns after the news media reports that the CEO embezzled millions of dollars:
Medium: Face-to-face meeting.
Reason for Choice: This is a critical piece of information and should be communicated in person, as it will likely have an emotional impact on employees. Additionally, this type of message needs to come from a reliable source, and face-to-face meetings provide the most credible way to pass along this kind of information.

Impact on Trust and Credibility: Employees will likely appreciate that they were given such important news in a direct manner. There is also more accountability with face-to-face communication than other mediums, which can help bolster trust and credibility among employees. If done correctly, employees may feel their concerns are taken seriously by management when receiving crucial updates through an in-person discussion rather than through online or written communication channels.

 

Sample Solution

1. The CEO abruptly resigns after the news media reports that the CEO embezzled millions of dollars:
Medium: Face-to-face meeting.
Reason for Choice: This is a critical piece of information and should be communicated in person, as it will likely have an emotional impact on employees. Additionally, this type of message needs to come from a reliable source, and face-to-face meetings provide the most credible way to pass along this kind of information.

Impact on Trust and Credibility: Employees will likely appreciate that they were given such important news in a direct manner. There is also more accountability with face-to-face communication than other mediums, which can help bolster trust and credibility among employees. If done correctly, employees may feel their concerns are taken seriously by management when receiving crucial updates through an in-person discussion rather than through online or written communication channels.

 

While, Silke (2004) had warned that the war-weariness exhibited by researchers regarding the terrorism definition challenge, needed to be surmounted (p. 208), others like Grob-Frizgibbon (2005) had indicated that arriving at a generally acceptable definition remained critical, especially in the post 9/11 environment. In addition, resolving the debate holds great benefits across the different layers of society. For instance, it would amount to a significant breakthrough in the theoretical advancement of the field of terrorism studies, and by extension positive outcomes for policy formation and legislation (Richards, 2014); aid in the understanding of the various shades and expressions of terrorism (Schmid, 2004a); curb terrorism (Schmid; 2004b); rein in the excesses of state apparatus in counterterrorism campaigns (Golder & William, 2004); and assist in the litigation process by delineating what counts as terrorism and who a terrorist is (Hodgson & Tadros, 2013). Resolving this debacle is also critical for addressing some of the challenges encountered by terrorism databases as well as their sources. Although most of the criticisms against the data sources are traceable to their methodologies, at the core lies the issue of definition. The question, then is, why has it been near impossible to arrive at a consensual definition of terrorism?

 

 

One of the principal challenges of the terrorism definition debacle is linked to the nature of the word itself. Terrorism as will be discussed on the next of section, has had varied implications, meaning and expressions overtime. The flexibility in the use of the word is akin to most socially constructed concepts, which are subject to bias and multiple interpretations by powerful social actors. Jackson, Jarvis, Gunning and Smyth (2011) have also noted that arriving at a fixed definition of terrorism would be paradoxical, and would rid it of its “ontologically unstable” feature (p. 119). Yet, Richard (2014) had argued that the adoption of a generally acceptable definition remains crucial, especially one that would represent the current expressions of terrorism. However, his claim that terrorism-based literature in the past 40 years had signified “that terrorism entails the intent to generate a wider psychological impact beyond the immediate victims” (p. 219) is in direct conflict with Weinberg, Pedahzur and Hirsch-Hoefler’s (2004) findings, where the pundits observed that lesser emphasis was placed on the psychological component of terrorism, due to the non-observable nature of the phenomenon.

 

 

Another challenge confronting the definition of terrorism is proba

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