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Compare independent variables, dependent variables, and extraneous variables. Describe two ways that researchers attempt to control extraneous variables. Support your answer with peer-reviewed articles.
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Answer
Comparison of Independent, Dependent and Extraneous Variables
Two fundamental activities or features of quantitative research, experimental research in particular, is the definition of variables and manipulation of the independent variable. Experimental research study essentially describes a study designed to investigate if there exists a causal relationship between two or more variables (Price, Jhangiani, & Chiang, 2015). According to Wright and Lake (2018) a variable differs from a constant in that it is a feature or characteristic that changes or varies within the study. The three main types of variables are the independent variable, the dependent variable and the extraneous or confounding variable.
Difference between the Independent, Dependent and Extraneous Variables
An independent variable is the variable that is changed or varied during the study to influence the dependent variable. In other words, it is the feature, factor, attribute or thing that the researcher manipulates in order to measure or determine the effect of the variation on another variable; namely, the dependent variable. A dependent variable, on the other hand, is the variable that changes or varies as a result of the manipulation done on the independent variable. Simply put, it is the factor, feature or thing being measured in the study, and the outcome changes are what the researcher is largely interested in. Lastly, extraneous variables, (also confounding variables) are the undesirable or unwanted variables that influence the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables under study (National Library of Medicine, 2019). This way, they interfere with the interfere with the effects that the independent variable has on the dependent variable. For instance, in a study on the effect of fasting on blood sugar levels, fasting is the independent variable because the researcher can manipulate fasting duration among different participants, whereas blood sugar is the dependent variable as it’s the variable being measured, and the measure levels depend on the duration of fasting. Extraneous variables in this study would be the type (nutritional value) of the participants’ meal prior to fasting, and their underlying health conditions such as diabetes.
Ways that Researchers Attempt to Control Extraneous Variables
As aforementioned, extraneous variables affect the relationship between the variables under study, and thus can significantly reduce the validity of the study outcomes if left uncontrolled. Since researchers cannot fully separate extraneous variables from the independent variable, two of the ways they try to control the variables is by randomly assigning research participants to groups and avoiding selection bias (Wright & Lake, 2018; National Library of Medicine, 2019).
References
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National Library of Medicine. (2019). Dependent and independent variables. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/stats_tutorial/section2/mod4_variables.html
Price, P. C., Jhangiani, R., & Chiang, I. C. A. (2015). Research methods in psychology. BCCampus.
Wright, L. L., Lake, A. D. (2018). Basics of Research for the Health Professions. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from http://www.pt.armstrong.edu/wright/hlpr/text/3.1.variables.htm
Appendix
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Appendix A:
Communication Plan for an Inpatient Unit to Evaluate the Impact of Transformational Leadership Style Compared to Other Leader Styles such as Bureaucratic and Laissez-Faire Leadership in Nurse Engagement, Retention, and Team Member Satisfaction Over the Course of One Year
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