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QUESTION
Title:
COPD
Paper Details
First response
I need a two paragraph response on COPD with two references. APA format and references less than five years.
Second response
I need a two paragraph response on Varicella zoster. APA format and references less than five years.
| Subject | Nursing | Pages | 3 | Style | APA |
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Answer
COPD and Varicella Zoster
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD
(COPD) is a term used to describe lung diseases that are progressive in nature. These disease include refractory asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis (Mudura et al., 2017). In the early development stages of the disease, it is difficult to notice its symptoms. The conditions can develop for years without noticeable shortness of a person’s breath. The symptoms only noticeably present during the last stages of the disease development. Some of the signs and symptoms of COPD include increased breathlessness, wheezing, chest tightness and frequent coughs (Mudura et al., 2017).
COPD affects approximately thirty million Americans. There are a number of risk factors associated with the condition. The first is smoking and inhalation of pollutants. Those with history of smoking are more likely to have the condition in their old ages. Studies show that about ninety percent of those who have COPD have smoked in their life time (Pinichka et al., 2016). Secondly, environmental factors such as long contact with contaminants and chemicals increases chances of COPD. Lastly, genetic factors, for instance, the existence of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency increases risk of COPD development in a person.
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
Varicella-Zoster Virus causes herpes zoster and chickenpox. Paresthesia and pain are the main symptoms of the infection. Its diagnosis is extremely difficult before a characteristic vesicular rash erupts. Pain occurs in forty one percent of the patients, paresthesia in twelve percent while itching occurs in twenty seven percent of the patients (Lee et al., 2017). The virus spreads when a healthy person has a direct contact with an active herpes zoster lesions.
Individuals who had varicella vaccination can be able to develop herpes zoster. Also, individuals who have natural infection with a wild-type VZV can develop the infection. The other risk factor is age. The chances of being infected with the disease drastically increase when a person reaches fifty years of age (Lee et al., 2017). Lastly, people with compromised immune systems have high chances of being infected. These include cancer patients, those with HIV and people who have undergone organ transfer surgeries. The virus affects approximately one percent of people above sixty years in the United States.
References
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Lee, K., Graybill, C., Claypool, D., & Levin, M. (2017). Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection of ARPE-19 cells provides a novel in vitro model to study VZV uveitis. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 58(8), 3628-3628. Mudura, V. A., Frosini, F., & Iadanza, E. (2017). Clinical Decision Support Systems for COPD: a general overview. In EMBEC & NBC 2017 (pp. 936-939). Springer, Singapore. Pinichka, C., Bundhamcharoen, K., & Shibuya, K. (2016). Diseases burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) attributable to ground-level ozone in Thailand: Estimates based on surface monitoring measurements data. Global journal of health science, 8(1), 1.
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