Answer

Legal and Liability Challenges Related To Computerized Devices

Technological advancement continues to raise security and threat concerns. Devices, like civilian drones, autonomous robots, driverless cars, and biometric devices, are raising several liability and legal challenges. The rise in the use of civilian drones has raised challenges, for example, the need to make sure that drones are safely operated, without harming national and public security in order to safeguard historical, national, or natural importance areas. Clarke and Moses (2014) add that civilian drones are also faced with liability and legal challenges, like bodily injury on a person, property damage directly caused by a drone or some drone prompted event, personal injury (such as the invasion of privacy, authorized use of pictures taken from buildings, people, or trade-safeguarded images), and third-party liability. Evidently, legal and liability issues associated with civilian drones largely concern privacy, safety, and compliance.

Additionally, driverless cars also raise legal and liability challenges. Ilková and Ilka (2017) state that driverless manufacturers of driverless cars face liability and legal challenges with respect to property or individual damages or circumstances that surround driverless cars. The challenges center on driverless technology, instead of drivers, weather conditions, and roads, thus limiting defenses. Villasenor (2014) advances that as accident responsibility shifts away to manufacturers, designers, and maintainers of driverless cars, the pool of firms that are possibly liable for accidents is deepening. There are challenges of possible radar interference. Most driverless automobiles use three knowhow to navigate: radar, cameras, and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) (Ilková & Ilka, 2017).  Radar sensors, when driving, detect reflections of radio waves from neighboring objects. Chances are that radio waves that are transmitted by at least two vehicles that are close to one another will interfere with each other, leading to false signals (Villasenor, 2014). Whereas driverless cars can ensure safe driving, this is not always the case in all weather conditions, like sleet, rain, and snow. To this end, I find it right to hold software manufacturers and designers liable for software susceptibilities caused by autonomous cars or drones.

Autonomous robots are also faced with legal and liability challenges. Through a combination of intelligent processing, sophisticated sensing, and the ability to intervene and act within an environment, ICT structures become extra autonomous (Villaronga & Millard, 2019). This poses challenges to present liability principles where a legal entity (company, personal, etc.) is eventually responsible for such an effect. Secondly, due to non-contractual liability, product liability (where a manufacturer has liability for a malfunction) and principles governing liability for injurious actions (where a product user has liability for conduct that results in harm) shift liability to manufacturers from users (Leenes et al., 2017). Furthermore, autonomous robots experience the challenge of data protection.

Lastly, the use of biometrics is also faced with legal and liability issues. These issues include network and data hacking, rapidly evolving fraud potentials, familiar fraud (fraud caused by a friend or family member), and biometric enrollment security. Data security is among the greatest risks with biometric devices. Gardner and Jenkins (2016) note that biometric sensors generate a body part’s digital maps which are eventually used for unlocking and matching in the future. In both storage and transit, data is susceptible and hackers are somewhat skilled at breaking into, especially if the data is encrypted (Manju & Madhumathi, 2019).

To conclude, there are several legal and liability challenges associated with civilian drones, autonomous robots, driverless cars, and biometric devices.

.