1.Which statement aligns with Piaget's view of cognitive development?
- Adults transmit their culture's tools of intellectual adaptation that children internalize.
- Community plays a central role in the process of creating meaning.
- Development of cognition varies across cultures.
- Learning and development of cognition occurs in universal stages.
Explanation:
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes that children progress through universal stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational) regardless of culture. This makes the last option the most aligned with his view.
2.The parents of an individual visit the group home and complain to the practitioner that the home is a mess and insist that the staff should clean it. The practitioner
- acknowledges that the home might not be as clean as the parents would like and listens to their suggestions.
- suggests to the parents that they speak to a supervisor.
- advises the parents to explore alternative housing for their child.
- explains to the parents that the residents are required to do their chores and that it is not the staff’s responsibility.
Explanation:
The best response aligns with the principles of a group home, where residents are often encouraged to take responsibility for their own chores to foster independence and life skills. Explaining this to the parents (option D) addresses their concern while clarifying the home’s expectations and structure.
3.According to Gilligan, which values guide the moral development of women?
- Self-reliance, stability, recognition
- Self-direction, self-control, rigor
- Self-absorption, spirituality, resourcefulness
- Sense of self, self-sacrifice, relationships
Explanation:
Carol Gilligan's theory of moral development for women emphasizes an ethic of care, focusing on relationships, self-sacrifice, and a sense of self in the context of interconnectedness, rather than the more justice-oriented approach often associated with men.
4.Which developmental toy would be appropriate to build fine motor skills in a toddler?
- Tricycle
- Ball
- Trampoline
- Crayon
Explanation:
Fine motor skills involve small muscle movements, such as those in the hands and fingers. Crayons (option D) are ideal for toddlers as they encourage grasping, drawing, and coloring, which help develop these skills. The other options focus more on gross motor skills like balance and coordination.
5.A student realizes that during the coming week, chapter tests will be given in three classes. Panic follows, as the student knows there will not be enough time to adequately study. Which learning and performance impact would be consistent with stress?
- Decreased memory and concentration
- Reduced gross motor coordination
- Impaired development of expressive language
- Delayed social and emotional development
Explanation:
Stress is known to negatively affect cognitive functions like memory and concentration, making it harder for the student to focus and retain information while studying.
6.A student struggles to retain information, understand social rules, and communicate wants and needs. The school psychologist administers an IQ test to the student, which results in a score of 68. Which learning and participation impacts affect students with a cognitive impairment?
- Independence on individual assignments is increased
- Learning focuses on attaining life skills
- Emotional maturity develops at the expected rate
- Special education classroom placement is required
Explanation:
An IQ score of 68 indicates a cognitive impairment, often requiring specialized support. Students with such impairments typically need special education classroom placement to address their unique learning needs.
7.Two students in a classroom have been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These two students have difficulty focusing during independent work. Which classroom activity would address these students' learning needs?
- Revoking privileges to discourage negative behavior
- Sitting by the window
- Scheduling challenging activities after lunch
- Playing soothing music
Explanation:
Students with ADHD often benefit from a calm and focused environment. Playing soothing music can help reduce distractions and create a more conducive setting for concentration during independent work.
8.According to Vygotsky’s theory, which student is participating in private speech?
- A seven-year-old child telling a parent a secret
- A nine-year-old reacting verbally to a team video game
- A four-year-old pretend talking to a sister on a cell phone
- A five-year-old thinking aloud about which toy to choose
Explanation: Vygotsky’s concept of private speech refers to children talking to themselves to guide their thinking and problem-solving, often during tasks. A five-year-old thinking aloud about which toy to choose (option D) fits this description, as it shows self-directed speech to aid decision-making.
9.A fourth-grade student lacks the ability to select books and supplies to bring to each class, consistent with a student with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This student avoids any activity that requires extended mental effort. In addition, this student consistently forgets to bring lunch. How will the described barrier likely affect this student's learning and performance?
- It decreases organizational skills including the ability to plan
- It increases the need for structured activities
- It increases the ability to have positive social relationships
- It increases the ability to focus on more than one thing at a time
Explanation:
ADHD often leads to difficulties with organization and planning, as the student struggles to manage tasks like selecting books and supplies or remembering lunch. The correct answer should be "It decreases organizational skills including the ability to plan," but the image shows a different selection, which may be incorrect. The correct answer is **It decreases organizational skills including the ability to plan**
10.Which psychosocial stage is associated with the elementary school stage (ages 6-12)?
- Identity versus role confusion
- Initiative versus guilt
- Industry versus inferiority
- Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Explanation:
According to Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages, the stage for ages 6-12 is industry versus inferiority (option C). During this period, children focus on developing competence and skills, often through school and social interactions, and may feel inferior if they struggle to achieve.
12.A student who is having difficulty drawing a pig in art class recalls an image of a pig created with circles of different sizes. Which of Bandura’s steps of observational learning is this student displaying?
- Motivation
- Retention
- Denotation
- Attention
Explanation:
Bandura’s observational learning includes four steps: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Retention (option B) refers to the ability to remember what was observed. The student recalling an image of a pig made with circles demonstrates that they retained a mental image from a previous observation.
**Question 13: Who used the Heinz dilemma to develop a theory of moral development?**
- **Kohlberg**
- Gilligan
- Piaget
- Vygotsky
**Explanation:** Lawrence Kohlberg developed his theory of moral development using the Heinz dilemma, a moral scenario where a man must decide whether to steal a drug to save his dying wife. Kohlberg used responses to this dilemma to outline stages of moral reasoning, from pre-conventional to post-conventional. Gilligan critiqued Kohlberg’s work, while Piaget and Vygotsky focused on cognitive development, not moral development specifically.
14.What is one characteristic of the babbling stage of language acquisition?
- Children overgeneralize to maximize the effectiveness of their communication.
- Children can produce a small number of isolated words and many sounds.
- Children learn to associate one word with multiple meanings.
- Children quickly learn which sounds attract the attention of their parents.
Explanation:
The babbling stage, typically occurring around 6-12 months, involves infants producing repetitive sounds and a limited number of isolated words (option B). This stage is about experimenting with sounds rather than meaningful communication or associating words with meanings.
15.A student is nearly able to speak fluently. Which stage of language development is being demonstrated?
- Two-word
- Holophrastic
- Babbling
- Telegraphic
Explanation:
The telegraphic stage (option D) occurs around 2-3 years of age, where children begin forming short, simple sentences (e.g., "Me go") that resemble fluent speech but lack grammatical complexity. This stage aligns with being "nearly able to speak fluently."
16.A third-grade student recently transferred to a new school and seems physically and emotionally needy. The student displays poor hygiene and often wears dirty or torn clothing. Which developmental barrier is likely affecting this student’s performance?
- Self-esteem
- Peer pressure
- Poverty
- Nutrition
Explanation:
The student’s poor hygiene and worn clothing suggest a lack of resources, which is indicative of poverty (option C). Poverty can impact a child’s physical and emotional well-being, affecting their performance in school due to unmet basic needs.
**Question 17: A child uses the word "food" to mean "I am hungry and want food." Which stage of language development is this child demonstrating?**
- Posttelegraphic
- Babbling
- Holophrastic
- **Telegraphic**
**Explanation:** The telegraphic stage of language development, typically occurring around 2-3 years of age, involves using short, simple phrases (like "food" to mean "I am hungry and want food") that convey meaning but lack grammatical complexity. The holophrastic stage involves single words with broader meanings (earlier stage), while the posttelegraphic stage involves more complex sentences. Babbling is an even earlier stage of pre-linguistic sounds.
**Question 21: An eight-year-old student has difficulty reading, makes frequent grammatical errors during conversation, and has limited use of complex sentences. A teacher notices that the student's storytelling and writing are disorganized. Which disorder is likely affecting this student's learning?**
- Processing disorder
- Hearing impairment
- Behavioral disorder
- **Language disorder**
**Explanation:** The symptoms described—difficulty reading, grammatical errors, limited complex sentences, and disorganized storytelling/writing—point to a language disorder, which affects the ability to understand or use spoken or written language. A processing disorder might affect how information is interpreted, but the specific language-related issues here are more indicative of a language disorder. Hearing impairment and behavioral disorders would present different primary symptoms.
23.A kindergarten student refuses to enter the loud, crowded cafeteria. In the classroom, the student cannot process the diverse types of sensory information, resulting in behavioral issues. Based on this scenario, how is the learning and performance of this student affected by the inability to process sensory information?
- Decreased need to make meaningful connections
- Delayed normal physical growth and development
- Delayed growth in speech articulation and expressive language
- Impeded development of emotional stability and maturation
Explanation:
Difficulty processing sensory information, as seen in sensory processing issues, can lead to emotional and behavioral challenges. The student’s refusal to enter the cafeteria and behavioral issues suggest that their emotional stability and maturation are being impeded (option D) due to sensory overload.
**Question 27: Which instructional strategy supports the learning needs of a student with a language impairment?**
- Oral reading
- **Multisensory activities**
- Art projects
- Discovery learning activities
**Explanation:** Multisensory activities, which engage multiple senses (e.g., visual, auditory, tactile), are effective for students with language impairments because they provide alternative ways to process and understand information, bypassing some language barriers. Oral reading might be challenging for such a student, while art projects and discovery learning, though beneficial in other contexts, are less directly tied to addressing language-specific needs.
28.A high school student studied all night for an exam. During the exam, the student fell asleep. Which teacher action would address this student’s learning needs?
- Modifying the grading requirements for this student
- Accepting only the answers that were completed
- Permitting the student to complete the exam when alert
- Lecturing the student about getting enough sleep
Explanation:
The student’s lack of sleep directly impacted their ability to perform, indicating a need for better sleep habits. Lecturing the student about getting enough sleep (option D) addresses the root cause of the issue, supporting their long-term learning needs by promoting healthy habits.
**Question 31: A sixth-grade student, after reading about the structure of American government, cannot remember main ideas or details. Which instructional strategy would assist a student with short-term memory?**
- Instructing the student to copy pages from the textbook
- Making a recording of the student reading
- Encouraging multiple readings of text
- **Designing an appropriate graphic organizer**
**Explanation:** Short-term memory issues can be supported by strategies that help organize and visually represent information, making it easier to process and recall. Designing an appropriate graphic organizer helps the student structure the main ideas and details in a visual format, aiding memory retention. Copying pages, making recordings, or multiple readings may not directly address the need for better organization and recall of information.
**Question 35: Which instructional strategy aligns to constructivism?**
- Brainstorming an idea for a science projects
- **Hands-on science experiments**
- Watching a science fiction movie
- Reading a science textbook
**Explanation:** Constructivism emphasizes active learning, where students construct knowledge through experiences and interactions with their environment. Hands-on science experiments align with this theory by allowing students to actively engage, explore, and build understanding through direct experience. Brainstorming is a preparatory step, while watching a movie or reading a textbook involves more passive learning, which is less aligned with constructivism.
**Question 36: What is a key concept of the constructivism theory of learning?**
- **Experiences provide valuable insight**
- Teachers should direct student learning
- Repetition improves retention of information
- Students learn best during self-study
**Explanation:** Constructivism, rooted in the work of theorists like Piaget and Vygotsky, posits that learners construct knowledge through experiences, which provide valuable insights into the world. This active process of meaning-making is central to the theory. The other options align more with behaviorist (repetition) or teacher-centered approaches, which are not core to constructivism.
**Question 37: Which concept is related to operant conditioning in behavioral theory?**
- Social influence
- Psychometric measurement
- **Negative reinforcement**
- Cognitive processing
**Explanation:** Operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, is a behavioral theory that focuses on how behavior is influenced by consequences, such as reinforcement or punishment. Negative reinforcement, which involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior, is a key concept in this theory. Social influence and cognitive processing are unrelated to operant conditioning, and psychometric measurement pertains to psychological testing, not behaviorism.
**Question 39: A teacher wants to assess student development and mastery of a skill over a period of time. Which type of performance assessment should this teacher use?**
- Demonstration
- **Portfolio**
- Constructed response
- Essay
**Explanation:** A portfolio assessment involves collecting a student’s work over time, allowing the teacher to evaluate progress, development, and mastery of a skill longitudinally. This aligns with the goal of assessing growth over a period. Demonstrations and essays are more suited for specific moments, while constructed responses are typically short-answer tasks, not ideal for long-term assessment.
**Question 40: A teacher wants to evaluate students’ mastery of creating strong arguments. Which type of assessment is appropriate for this purpose?**
- Selected-response
- True/false
- **Essay**
- Diagnostic
**Explanation:** Creating strong arguments requires students to articulate reasoning, provide evidence, and structure their thoughts, which is best assessed through an essay. Essays allow students to demonstrate their ability to construct and defend arguments in a detailed, written format. Selected-response and true/false questions are too limited for this purpose, and diagnostic assessments are more for identifying learning gaps, not mastery.
**Question 42: If a teacher emphasizes cooperative learning, which strategy is the teacher most likely to use when designing a grammar lesson?**
- **Split the class into groups for an assignment in which each group has students of varied abilities**
- Use a star chart to reward students for good performance
- Have students learn lesson content through a student-led inquiry approach
- Emphasize sustained effort in completing lesson tasks
**Explanation:** Cooperative learning involves students working together in groups to achieve a common goal, often with mixed abilities to promote peer support and collaboration. Splitting the class into groups with varied abilities for a grammar assignment aligns with this approach, as it encourages teamwork and peer learning. The other options focus more on individual effort, rewards, or inquiry, which are less directly tied to cooperative learning.
**Question 51: What are ways to increase focus in a classroom with students with autism? Choose two.**
- **Minimal distractions around the classroom**
- **Support with routines and procedures**
- Use of modeling methods
- Speech therapy
- Receptive language instruction
- Reading support
**Explanation:** Students with autism often benefit from structured environments that reduce sensory overload and provide predictability. Minimal distractions around the classroom help maintain focus by reducing sensory input, while support with routines and procedures offers consistency, which can help these students feel secure and attentive. Modeling methods, speech therapy, receptive language instruction, and reading support may be beneficial for other needs but are less directly tied to increasing focus in the classroom setting.
**Question 52: An elementary school teacher, who uses the information-processing model, is designing a math lesson. Which strategy is in alignment with this learning theory?**
- Have students track their improvement rather than comparing their performance with that of other students
- Have students write quizzes for their peers
- **Use priming and strategic placement of review to maximize the amount that students remember**
- Create a station-rotation activity for students to explore lesson content
**Explanation:** The information-processing model focuses on how the brain processes, stores, and retrieves information, emphasizing strategies like priming (preparing the brain for new information) and strategic review to enhance memory retention. Using priming and strategic placement of review aligns with this model by helping students encode and recall math concepts effectively. The other options are more aligned with social learning, cooperative learning, or constructivist approaches.
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