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Appendix A

QUESTIONNAIRES

The following questionnaires were included to collect data on the new scale, and for the purposes of assessing validity of the new scale:

Note: * indicates a reverse-scored item. In SPSS these items are designated by R at the end of the name.

New scale to assess modern/symbolic racism

Work ethic and responsibility for outcomes

1. Indigenous Australians are willing to work as hard as other Australians*
2. Indigenous Australians do not work as hard as other Australians
3. If they were motivated enough, Indigenous Australians could find suitable employment.
4. Indigenous Australians lack initiative
5. Indigenous Australians are unreliable
6. If, on average, people of various cultural backgrounds have been able to succeed more in Australian society than Indigenous Australians, it must mean that Indigenous Australians have a poor work ethic
7. Indigenous Australians can only blame themselves for their outcomes in life
8. The lower socioeconomic position of many Indigenous Australians compared to other Australians is largely due to the social conditions they face*
9. Indigenous Australians on average work just as hard as other Australians*

Excessive demands

1. Meeting the demands of indigenous Australians so they can maintain their heritage and culture is necessary*
2. This generation of Indigenous Australians should not expect special treatment. They have already been given enough.
3. Indigenous Australians should stop asking for more than they already have.
4. Indigenous Australians are justified in wanting equal rights*
5. Indigenous Australians demand more than they rightfully deserve
6. The demand from some Indigenous Australians to move the date of Australia Day is completely reasonable*
7. Indigenous Australians expect too much support from the government
8. Indigenous Australians need to demand from more society in order to eliminate the discrimination they experience*
9. No matter what assistance Indigenous Australians are given by others, they will continue to ask for more.

Denial of continuing discrimination

1. Indigenous Australians are no longer being discriminated against
2. Racism towards Indigenous Australians is a major problem in Australian society*
3. Indigenous Australians should move on from past traditions and integrate into current Australian society.
4. Indigenous Australians might have been treated poorly years ago, but not anymore.
5. Indigenous Australians are treated fairly in today’s society
6. There is no form of discrimination which makes it more difficult for Indigenous Australians to be successful in comparison to other Australians
7. Discrimination towards Indigenous Australians no longer exists
8. Years of discrimination have created conditions that make it very difficult for Indigenous Australians to work their way toward success.*
9. Discrimination towards Indigenous Australians continues to limit their opportunities*

Undeserved advantage

1. The Australian government provides Indigenous Australians with too much financial assistance.
2. Indigenous Australians receive too many advantages.
3. Indigenous Australians receive more than their fair share of welfare support
4. It is unfair that Indigenous Australians are given more financial assistance than other Australians.
5. Indigenous Australians are entitled to extra support to access higher education*
6. Indigenous Australians rightfully require more taxpayer support than other Australians.*
7. More financial aid should be available to indigenous Australians*
8. Too many Indigenous Australians receive advantages based on their racial background rather than their merit
9. The Australian Government shows more respect to Indigenous Australians than they deserve.
10. It is only fair that Indigenous Australians are given extra help to make up for previous generations of discrimination*