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FILES TO BE ATTACHED. Instructions below
Unit VI Research Paper Draft 2
Follow the directions below for the completion of your Research Paper Draft 2 (introduction and review of literature) for Unit VI. If you have questions, please email your professor for assistance. As always, you may also seek out the guidance of the Success Center; the tutors are always there to assist you with your writing and comprehension. You may submit writing assignments to the Success Center by using a “Writing Center Request form†located on the myCSU Student Portal. To submit a “Writing Center Request form,†log into the myCSU Student Portal, click on “Success Center,†and then click on “Tutoring.†If you have questions concerning APA or your writing assignment, you can contact the Success Center at [email protected] or by phone at ext. 6538.
Purpose:
The purpose of the second draft is to build upon the first draft that you have already written and to move your drafting process forward so that you can add a body, conclusion, and abstract to the paper, making it a cohesive and whole academic paper.
Description:
In this assignment, you will take Draft 1 (review of literature), written in Unit IV, and write an introduction to your final Research Paper that sets the context for your project, establishes your argument, asserts your thesis, and allows for an easy transition from your review of literature. Your introduction alone should be between 250-350 words. If the introduction alone is less than this word count, it is likely you have not fully developed your introduction, and this lack of development can severely impact your grade for this assignment. Your Draft 2 should include the elements listed below.
Elements:
The grade of your second draft is largely based on your inclusion of these elements and the overall quality of your writing. For assistance, you may want to refer to the examples in Chapter 23, Section 23a, of Strategies for Writing Successful Research Papers (pp. 507-509). Your Draft 2 must contain the following elements.
1. Cover page and APA formatting:
You should include an APA-style cover page for your Research Paper Draft 2. See the example on page 16 of The CSU APA Guide (6th edition). Your cover page should include the following: the title of your paper, your name, and the name of your university (Columbia Southern University). The running head should include up to 50 characters from the title of the paper, along with a sequential page number in the upper right-hand corner.
2. Introduction:
Draft and revise an introduction between 250-350 words to come before your revised review of literature. There are some pitfalls to writing an introductory paragraph, and you can avoid some of them by reading through the Checklist: “Avoid Certain Mistakes in the Introduction†on p. 495 of Strategies for Writing Successful Research Papers.
3. Review of literature:
Using the comments that you received on your Draft 1, revise your review of literature, and include it with Draft 2.
4. References:
Include a references list as the last page of the paper. See the example on pages 6, 7, and 21 of The CSU APA Guide (6th edition). All entries are those that have been cited in the text. No others are to be included. No textbooks should be included on the references list.
Information about accessing the Blackboard Grading Rubric for this assignment is provided below.
Unit VII Research Paper Draft 3
Follow the directions below for the completion of your Research Paper Draft 3 (introduction, review of literature, and body) for Unit VII. If you have questions, please email your professor for assistance. As always, you may also seek out the guidance of the Success Center; the tutors are always there to assist you with your writing and comprehension. You may EH 1020, English Composition II 12submit writing assignments to the Success Center by using a “Writing Center Request form†located on the myCSU Student Portal. To submit a “Writing Center Request form,†log into the myCSU Student Portal, click on “Success Center,†and then click on “Tutoring.†If you have questions concerning APA or your writing assignment, you can contact the Success Center at [email protected] or by phone at ext. 6538.
Purpose:
The purpose of Draft 3 is to build upon Draft 2 and to move your drafting process forward so that you can add a body, conclusion, and abstract to your paper, making it a cohesive, whole academic paper.
Description:
In this assignment, you will take Draft 2 (introduction and review of literature), written in Unit VI, and add the body of your paper. Your body paragraphs should contain the six elements indicated below and be developed in an appropriate manner. If the body does not contain these elements, it is likely you have not fully developed the body, and this lack of development can severely impact your grade for this assignment. You will need to write at least four body paragraphs while incorporating five academic sources for this assignment. The paragraphs should be thorough and cover all the listed elements. Your Draft 3 (introduction, review of literature, and body) should include the elements listed below. With the addition of your Body, you should have a paper that is approximately 7-10 pages long, without the addition of a conclusion or abstract and without counting your cover page or references page.
Elements:
Your grade for Draft 3 is largely based on your inclusion of various elements and the overall quality of your writing. Your Draft 3 must contain the following elements.
1. Cover page and APA formatting:
You should include an APA-style cover page for your Draft 3. See the example on page 16 of The CSU APA Guide (6th edition). Your cover page should include the following: the title of your paper, your name, and the name of your university (Columbia Southern University). The running head should include up to 50 characters from the title of the paper, along with a sequential page number in the upper right-hand corner.
2. Introduction:
Using the comments that you received on your Draft 2, revise your introduction. There are some pitfalls to writing an introductory paragraph, and you can avoid some of them by reading through the Checklist: “Avoid Certain Mistakes in the Introduction†on p. 495 of Strategies for Writing Successful Research Papers.
3. Review of literature:
Using the comments that you received on your Draft 1, revise your review of literature, and include it with this newest draft.
4. Body paragraphs:
Each paragraph of the body of your Research Paper should be a cohesive unit. It should be tight, but developed. It should serve a function, and its purpose should always be to bolster the thesis. Therefore, you should use the following order for each paragraph in the body.
a. Topic sentence: This sentence summarizes the entire paragraph in one strong, well-written sentence, and it directly supports the thesis statement.
b. Explanation of topic sentence (1-2 sentences): Often times there is more to be said about the topic sentence, more explanation that is necessary in order for it to be a clear idea, so there are usually a few sentences that follow the topic sentence that explicate the idea more for the reader. These sentences not only “unpack†the topic sentence, but they also anticipate the evidence that will be used to support the topic sentence, usually indirectly.
c. Introduction to evidence (1-2 sentences): No piece of evidence (quotation, example, paraphrase, etc.) should be dropped into a paragraph without first introducing it. An introduction might include the title of the source, the author, and/or a short description of the source/author’s credentials. In this way, no evidence is presented without a context because it is this context that makes the evidence meaningful.
d. Evidence: The evidence that you present backs up your topic sentence and, by extension, supports your thesis statement. The evidence that you supply can be a number of things: a quotation from a source; a reasonable, illustrative example; a statistic; commentary from an interview; etc. EH 1020, English Composition II 13e. Explanation of evidence: No piece of evidence stands on its own or is convincing on its own. Although it may seem to draw a direct line to your topic sentence to support it, often the reader needs you to make the connection between the two. Further, the general rule is that for each sentence of quoted material, your explanation should be just as long, so if you include a block quotation, the block quotation should be met with an equally long explanation.
f. Transition (1-2 sentences): Transitions are essential for research papers because body paragraphs, especially, are written as units, and it is the transitions that allow for these units to be linked together. Take a look at the list of transitional expressions on pp. 44-45 in The Little, Brown Compact Handbook with Exercises.
5. References:
Include a references list as the last page of your Research Proposal. See the example on pages 6, 7, and 21 of The CSU APA Guide (6th edition).
Information about accessing the Blackboard Grading Rubric for this assignment is provided below.
Unit VIII Final Research Paper Draft
Follow the directions below for the completion of your Research Paper Final Draft for Unit VIII. If you have questions, please email your professor for assistance. As always, you may also seek out the guidance of the Success Center; the tutors are always there to assist you with your writing and comprehension. You may submit writing assignments to the Success Center by using a “Writing Center Request form†located on the myCSU Student Portal. To submit a “Writing Center Request form,†log into the myCSU Student Portal, click on “Success Center,†and then click on “Tutoring.†If you have questions concerning APA or your writing assignment, you can contact the Success Center at [email protected] or by phone at ext. 6538.
Purpose:
The purpose of this final draft is to finish the paper you have been working on throughout the course by adding a conclusion and an abstract.
Description:
In this assignment, you will assemble the final draft of your Research Paper you have been working on throughout the course. Your Research Paper Final Draft should include the elements listed below.
Elements:
The grade of your Research Paper Final Draft is largely based on your inclusion of these elements and the overall quality of your writing. Your paper must contain the following elements.
1. Cover page and APA formatting:
You should include an APA-style cover page for your Research Paper. See the example on page 16 of The CSU APA Guide (6th edition). Your cover page should include the following: the title of your paper, your name, and the name of your university (Columbia Southern University). The running head should include up to 50 characters from the title of the paper, along with a sequential page number in the upper right-hand corner.
2. Abstract:
The abstract is a 150-250 word summary of your Research Paper, and it should be written only after you have finished writing the entire paper because how your abstract is worded largely depends on the development of your paper. Your abstract should be accurate, self-contained, concise and specific, non-evaluative, coherent, and readable. Your abstract may be modeled after the theoretical paper model or empirical study model. For information or an example of an abstract, see p. 12 of The CSU APA Guide (6th edition) and p. 511 of Strategies for Writing Successful Research Papers. Note that the abstract presented references MLA, but yours should be in APA style. The abstract should be the second page in the paper, after the cover page, and the abstract should be on its own page. The text of the paper itself should begin on page 3. Your abstract must meet the following standards: EH 1020, English Composition II 14• Be 150-250 words
• Be located on the second page of your final draft
• Have a heading of Abstract that is centered at the top of the page.3. Introduction:
There are some pitfalls to writing an introductory paragraph, and you can avoid some of them by reading through the Checklist: “Avoid Certain Mistakes in the Introduction†on p. 495 of Strategies for Writing Successful Research Papers.
4. Review of literature:
The review of literature should be a smooth transition from the introduction of your paper and should present a controlled summary of the conversation surrounding your topic.
5. Body paragraphs:
Each paragraph of the body of your Research Paper should be a cohesive unit. It should be tight, but developed. It should serve a function, and its purpose should always be to bolster the thesis. Therefore, you should use the following order for each paragraph in the body.
a. Topic sentence: This sentence summarizes the entire paragraph in one strong, well-written sentence, and it directly supports the thesis statement.
b. Explanation of topic sentence (1-2 sentences): Often times there is more to be said about the topic sentence, more explanation that is necessary in order for it to be a clear idea, so there are usually a few sentences that follow the topic sentence that explicate the idea more for the reader. These sentences not only “unpack†the topic sentence, but they also anticipate the evidence that will be used to support the topic sentence, usually indirectly.
c. Introduction to evidence (1-2 sentences): No piece of evidence (quotation, example, paraphrase, etc.) should be dropped into a paragraph without first introducing it. An introduction might include the title of the source, the author, and/or a short description of the source/author’s credentials. In this way, no evidence is presented without a context because it is this context that makes the evidence meaningful.
d. Evidence: The evidence that you present backs up your topic sentence, and by extension, supports your thesis statement. The evidence that you supply can be a number of things: a quotation from a source; a reasonable, illustrative example; a statistic; commentary from an interview; etc.
e. Explanation of evidence: No piece of evidence stands on its own or is convincing on its own. Although it may seem to draw a direct line to your topic sentence to support it, often the reader needs you to make the connection between the two. Further, the general rule is that for each sentence of quoted material, your explanation should be just as long, so if you include a block quotation, the block quotation should be met with an equally long explanation.
f. Transition (1-2 sentences): Transitions are essential for research papers because body paragraphs, especially, are written as units, and it is the transitions that allow for these units to be linked together. Take a look at the list of transitional expressions on pp. 44-45 in The Little, Brown Compact Handbook with Exercises.6. Conclusion:
Your conclusion should pull together your entire paper. Do not consider the conclusion a summary of your paper; your abstract is the summary of your paper. Instead, your conclusion is your opportunity to suggest what might be done with your findings. A good conclusion will restate the thesis, place a judgment on the issue discussed, discuss the implications of your findings, issue a directive or call to action to the reader, and close out the paper with a strong final thought. However, depending upon your topic and your treatment of that topic, the conclusion may take different forms. Your conclusion for this paper must be at least 150 words. If the conclusion is less than the word count, it is likely you have not fully developed your conclusion, and this lack of development can severely impact your grade for this assignment. For an example and explicit instructions on how to write a conclusion, see pp. 501-506 of Strategies for Writing Successful Research Papers.
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| Subject | Environmental Science | Pages | 14 | Style | APA |
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Answer
Abstract
Golf courses have often been associated with increase in the rate of environmental pollution. They play a significant role in the destruction of natural vegetation over the large tracts of land where they are located. This research study is aimed at providing people on the impacts to the environment a golf course has when located in a community. The researcher goes to great lengths to come up with ways of protecting the environment. At the same time, the researcher aims to make a golf place a perfect outdoor destination for people to have fun and relax. He also proves to the critics of environmental conservation that there are safe ways of producing a golf course that is of high quality while at the same time protecting the environment. This paper also notes works of another researcher on the same topic and elaborates their contribution to the safe construction and maintenance of golf courses. The paper notes the effects of runoff water and its damage to the areas surrounding the golf course. The paper focuses on a detailed analysis of the factors that have the ability to damage the environment and how they can be managed. It concludes that the golf industry can and should focus on ways that will protect both the environment and wildlife within their golf courses. It provides recommendations for managers and constructors of golf courses on the safest methods to use that will not damage the environment in the golf courses.
Introduction
A golf course is an extensive piece of land where golf, a game, is played. It consists of several holes with each having a teeing ground. It has fairways, roughs, greens and other areas called hazards. A standard course has eighteen holes. However, other courses have more or fewer holes. Golf courses can be private, publicly or municipally owned. Most private golf courses are found in established grounds called country clubs (Clark, 2000).
There has been an increase in the environmental concern over golf courses over the last few decades. The use of land designated for construction of golf courses has been on top of the list of these concerns. The amount of water being used in the maintenance and irrigation in these golf courses is also a major concern. Environmentalists are also worried over the amounts of chemicals and pesticides that are being used in golf courses. Golf courses are often seen using large amounts of chemical fertilizers that have increased the levels of environmental concern even higher. During the construction of golf courses, important areas of environmental concern are being destroyed. These areas include water bodies and wetlands. Using the United Nations estimations, about ten billion liters of water are being used by golf courses daily. Most of this water comes from bodies that are not mobile or from rainwater. There is also the establishment of non-native grasses into the developing golf courses. These exotic plants have detrimental effects on the native vegetation. Soil and other plants that are brought from other places into the golf courses can have varying effects on the local environment (Clark, 2000).
These concerns have led to the increase in the research dedicated to finding practices that are environmentally friendly. Workers and managers working at golf courses are trained on methods of care that are environmentally sound. The effects have been the reduction in the volumes of water being used in these courses. Turf grass is being used to filter gray water, and this is an environmentally friendly approach that should be adopted in golf courses by incorporating bioswales.
Large tracts of land are required for the development of golf courses. By doing so natural vegetation is cleared and destroyed. The ground is graded and is filled with plants that are usually new to the area. The planted grass requires a lot of water to remain green and pretty. Fertilizers are used to improve the nutrition of this new vegetation. Pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides are often used in large quantities to maintain these green patches in the golf courses (Clark, 2000). The use of chemicals together with the use of large volumes of water may contaminate the underground water reserves, rivers, and lakes. Natural habitats of native organisms are destroyed causing their death or migration.
During the construction, local rivers and streams are diverted causing a disruption of natural waterways the life of aquatic animals. They may also interrupt the inflow of such water bodies into oceans and seas. The construction can also create or destroy wetlands. Golf courses can be attributed to the blocked access to beaches and decreased beach parking spaces. The development of golf courses can be closely followed by the construction of shopping centers and residential apartments that can further degrade the environment.
Indications from research show that if all chemicals and fertilizers are used properly, their ability to move to underground water is minimized. Regulations by the local, state and federal organizations on environment require that all the water should be properly managed. Course management staff are trained to use the best management practices to control environmental pollution.
Care and maintenance programs for turfs provide places and potential for environmental contamination (Clark, 2000). Safety issues are also involved for materials that have long-term effects on the environment. Many practices against pollution are arranged to have low risks and costs in waste disposal. Common sense is a major factor when it comes to the use of most of these approaches. They often do not require the use of technologies that are complex and hard to use. Most of the criticism for golf courses on environmental pollution comes from not only their extravagant use of water and chemicals but also their danger for the natural environment. However, courses that are well managed and irrigated properly, there are uncountable benefits to the environment and the community surrounding it (Barrett, 2013).
This paper will present these ideas to all people who seem undecided on the issue of environmental pollution. It will also give them different approaches when it comes to having golf courses that are environmentally friendly. It will also give approaches that can be used to apply chemicals and fertilizers that had not been previously used in the areas. Sources say that farm manure is one of the most frequently used fertilizer that is more environmentally friendly. Farm manure is mostly applicable in some soils for the growth of some exotic grasses (Westover, 1926). Liquid manure and other organic compounds are not toxic enough to cause any environmental damage or kill the natural wildlife in the courses.
Review of Literature
It is general knowledge that walking is healthy. However, what is not known by most people is that when they walk in the golf course they are also improving the environment (Palacios 2010). The use of vehicles that use gas and electricity in golf courses causes damage to the environmental areas along golf courses. The use of these vehicles on such sensitive grounds means that there will be more chemicals and maintenance on the course. This results in increased operational cost for the golf course. Carts used in golf courses emit dangerous gasses that are toxic to the natural habitat in the areas. When these toxins mix with rainwater, they are leached into the soil where they end up in underground aquifers. The water then flows to water bodies where it can cause serious damages to the environment through the sewer system and ditches. The renting of these courses are one of the main revenue of these courses.
Changes in the management, training and management will result in the improvement of conditions that are on and around golf courses (Barton, 2008). Their return to their original and natural conditions will have a positive impact on the local environment. Less watering, mowing and use of limited chemicals and fertilizers will be the result of using these learned practices. It will not only result in minimized pollution but also the overall operational costs. Wildlife will also be allowed to thrive in their natural environment.
The groups and organizations that are concerned with environmental conservation have been increasing pressure on the golf industry. It is necessary for changes in the management style of golf courses. This training will change all the expectations of how courses should be like. Courts should not be over-conditioned as it is not similar to being in a good condition. There should be training on ways to minimize the damage caused by carts on the terrain and vegetation of courses. The public will be in opposition to make informed decisions on how to navigate when on the golf course. These choices will be beneficial not only to the course but also on the lifestyles of these people.
According to Weintraub (2009), the two-fold approach protects the environment. It also reduces the cost of maintenance of a golf course. Manager want to provide golfers with a course that is lush and green every time. They therefore aim at getting maximum profits when such conditions at their courses are maintained. When modern practices are not used, there is an increase in the damage to the grass. There is thus the need to use more money to maintain and repair the damages caused. There is thus a possibility of providing a friendly environment for the people while maintaining a healthy environment. Golf course developers are adopting reclamation of landfills, using sewage water and other practices today. Developers also put in place easy maintenance practices for the managers to use (Weintraub, 2009).
Leonetti (1995) wrote in her article that holistic pest control, use of wastewater and organic fertilizers create a friendly environment. There is an estimated growth of new courses in triplets weekly in the US today. The use of water being the most criticized aspect of golf courses has resulted in the adoption of water management practices. However, the extravagant use of water in golf courses has not changed. Using recycled water is the most feasible water conservation practice that can be adopted in golf courses to minimize the use of water. It helps lower the water cost regarding irrigation and sewer costs. It also protects the overall water supply in the community around them. Recycled water can be very useful for the irrigation in golf courses (Farnham, Hasek, and Panel, 1985). Course managers have to have the knowledge of how the grass will be grown. They also have to know how much water to use. The amount and type of chemicals are also part of the course managers’ decisions (Weintraub, 2009).
Pesticides are environmental hazards because they kill some organisms that are not targeted. Their use endangers natural and indigenous species in the area (Leonetti, 1995). Many chemicals are used in the making of pesticides. For this reason, they have some extent of reaching a non-target organism that may be present in the golf course. How the water is managed within the field can be a causal agent to how the pesticides are distributed within the course. It may speed up or reduce the pesticide speed distribution to the waterways.
According to Malburg, (2011) pesticides are used in the control of pests and any organism that can cause a disease to the vegetation in the course. Pesticides are very efficient in doing what they are designed to do. They kill most organisms that come in contact with them. The use of pesticides should be regulated to avoid over usage. They should be avoided when near areas with sensitive organisms like fish that are common in the golf courses. Pests can also build resistance to these pesticides if they are used for a long time. They can also cause reproductive problems in the animals around the courses (Malburg, 2011).
Conclusion
It can then be postulated that golf course management officers should adopt practices that have little or no environmental implications. They should reduce the amount of water they use when irrigating their grasses. They should also have practices like using wastewater for irrigation to reduce the stress of water supply in their surrounding communities. Fertilizers and pesticides being used on the vegetation in the golf courses should be regulated and used to a minimum. The controlled chemical application will reduce their flow to water bodies where they kill aquatic life. The chemicals can kill or result in the migration of natural wildlife from the areas. Carts and vehicles use should be kept to a minimum to avoid disturbing the grass. Training the public and course managers on all these practices can result in better course management at the same time protecting the environment.
References
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Barton, John. "How green is golf?" Golf Digest May 2008: 196. General OneFile. Web. 30 Oct. Farnham, D.S., R.F. Hasek and J.L. Panel. 1985. Water quality: Its effects on ornamental plants. University of California, Cooperative Extension Leaflet 2995, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resossssurces, Oakland, Calif. Leonetti, C. (1995, June). Green golf.E, 6(3), 22+.Retrieved from Green File Web. 14 Nov. 2015 Malburg, S. (2011).Effects of Pesticides on the Environment & Human Health.Environment International.Retrieved from Green File Web. 14 Nov. 2015 Palacios-Jansen, Karen. "Walk the green & help your course go green!" Golf Fitness Magazine 2010: 40+. General OneFile. Web. 30 Oct. 2015. Weintraub, Boris. "The greening of golf courses."Parks & Recreation Aug. 2009: 26+. General OneFile. Web. 14 Nov. 2015.
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