HEALTH AND ECONOMICS

By Published on October 3, 2025
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QUESTION

HEALTH AND ECONOMICS    

 

 PUBH6003_Assessment 2 Brief

 

 ASSESSMENT BRIEF

Subject Code and Title

PUBH6003: Health Systems and Economics

Assessment

Assessment 2: Case Study

Individual/Group

Part A: Group presentation

Part B: Individual written submission

Length

Part A: 20 minute group presentation and submission of presentation

Part B: Case Study Summary 1,000 words (+/- 10%)

Learning Outcomes

This assessment addresses the following learning outcomes:

•                    • Understand the core competencies of public health workers, and how public health competencies can be fostered

•                    • Understand the rationale for and development of universal health coverage.

•                    • Analyse public health expenditure estimation strategies

•                    • Understand the role of government regulation of the healthcare sector

 

Submission

Part A: Group Presentation due Week 11 in class

Part B: Due Sunday following the end of Module 6.1 in week 11 at 11:55pm AEST/AEDT.

Weighting

Total – 50% consisting of:

Part A: 25%

Part B: 25%

Total Marks

100 marks

 

 

 

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Subject Nursing Pages 8 Style APA
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Answer

Australia Public Health System

Taking care of an individual's health is essential. When a person needs care, comprehending how to make an informed decision concerning treatment is considered vital. If an individual necessitates visiting a hospital, navigating the various components of Australia's Healthcare System can be complicated and confusing (MacIntyre, Costantino & Kunasekaran, 2019). This paper aims to evaluate the Australian public health system's aspects by discussing how the public health system is formed and organized. Moreover, the paper will assess how Australia performs in terms of the World Health Organization's (WHO) key building blocks and provide suggestions for potential health system reform that can be implemented in Australia's public health system to enhance weakness in the system.

Australia's Public Healthcare System is described as one of the most inclusive in the world. The healthcare system is recognized for providing a range of universal and preventive health services to treating more complicated situations that may necessitate a professional or hospital care. The Australian Public Health System comprises various components, including community-based services, public health hospitals, and allied health administrations primarily possessed and managed by national and regional administrations (Ejohns, Baum, Lawless & Freeman, 2019). Australians can access care within the public health system for free or at a lower cost through Medicare, which is often funded by the tax.

Australia's public health system comprises of medical services, prescription pharmaceuticals, and hospital treatments. These public hospitals are recognized for providing high-quality medical care and offering care at a reduced or no cost to individuals with Medicare access. On most occasions, public hospitals in Australia oversee most emergencies (Fox, Topp, Callander & Lindsay, 2019). According to studies concerning Australia's public health system, if an individual necessitates a non-urgent treatment and decides to be a public patient, they are often forced to wait longer until a space is available. In most instants, patients do not have the chance to choose their doctors and often share rooms with other patients (Bartkowiak-Théron & Asquith, 2017). Australia's public health system is often funded by the government and private entities such as insurance organizations.

Health care in Australia is described as a highly developed structure, though due to the nation's vast size, public healthcare services are often not evenly distributed geographically. Recent studies indicate that public health care in Australia is often delivered by private and government entities, frequently covered by Medicare (Littlejohns, Baum, Lawless & Freeman, 2018). The government significantly funds the public healthcare system in Australia at local, state, and national levels and private health insurance. The cost of public health care is also borne by non-profit companies, with a high cost being borne by charity or individual patients. Moreover, in the Australian public health system, volunteers are often offered services, primarily mental and remote services (Bartkowiak-Théron & Asquith, 2017). The federal government introduced the Medicare insurance approach to oversee much of direct and allied healthcare services expenses. Researches indicate that the Australian government provides the majority of spending, approximately 67%, through Medicare and other programs (MacIntyre & Heslop, 2020).

Question 2

There are six recognized key building blocks associated with the World Health Organization. The Australian Public Health System is structured around these frameworks that define health systems in six components. These include health workforce, services delivery, health data systems, admittance to effective medications, funding, and leadership governance (Callander & Fox, 2018). In this section, the paper will evaluate how the Australian public health systems conduct their services and activities to ensure they align with these building blocks.

Service delivery

While delivering services, the Australian public health system has implemented different approaches. For instance, the government ensures that public hospitals have adequate skilled staff to guarantee positive patient outcomes. Nonetheless, the Australian public health system utilizes health promotions to ensure the patients and community members are informed of different illnesses and how they can prevent or treat different diseases (Johnson, Hansen & Bi, 2018). The health promotion approach centers on preventing the root causes of different illnesses through governance, promoting health literacy, and community health programs.

Health Information systems

Technologically, Australia is known to possess the essential foundation for implementing the Electronic Health Records (EHR) system in public hospitals. Studies indicate that most public hospitals are in different computerization phases or digitization (Willis, Reynolds & Keleher, 2016). Many allied health experts and medicinal professionals in the public health system utilize computers to access different online clinical references, among other services.

Access to significant medicine

The Australian public health system has implemented different approaches to ensure that patients can access the required medicine. For instance, through using Medicare, patients can access necessitated medicine at reduced or no cost. According to the administrators, community members fail to access proper medicines due to their financial circumstances (Bartkowiak-Théron & Asquith, 2017). For this reason, the public health system ensures that public hospitals at local, state, and national government are stocked with good medicine.

Funding and Leadership Governance

The Australian health care system is often funded and managed by different government levels, including local, state/territory, and national levels. On some occasions, the system is supported by private health insurance programs (Bartkowiak-Théron & Asquith, 2017). Australia's national public health insurance program, Medicare, is subsidized and administered by the Australian government.

Question 3

Studies indicate that the Australian public health system spends a considerable amount of money on health interventions that are inappropriate, duplicative, or unnecessary and offer reduced or no reimbursements. To address this concern, the Australian government should center on investing in preventive health (Vidgen et al., 2020). Moreover, the system should consider regulating some insurance and clinical policies. Researches indicate that the Australian government, community members, and patients pay more for prescription medicines than other governments and patients in other nations. The Australian public health system should consider regulating some policies; primarily competitive pharmaceutical costs could be attained through changes to pricing medicines' plans. Governments can regulate different aspects of the public health system to secure patient safety and endorse accessible and affordable public health care (Lung et al., 2016). However, studies indicate that some regulations are not meeting their objectives as effectively as they are predicted.

The Australian public health system should consider improving health technology evaluation procedures and reviews to accelerate existing inventions and minimize duplication and fragmentation and enhance disinvestment mechanisms (Lung et al., 2016). Moreover, the system should endorse evidence-based clinical procedures, assess and promote clinical guidelines, and advise dissemination, review, and implementation (Vidgen et al., 2020). Another aspect that the system should consider is increasing health workforce flexibility. Conclusively, the Australian public health system should enhance information availability and dissemination trough utilizing technologies such as Electronic Health Records (EHR)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Bartkowiak-Théron, I., & Asquith, N. L. (2017). Conceptual divides and practice synergies in law enforcement and public health: some lessons from policing vulnerability in Australia. Policing and Society, 27(3), 276-288.

Baugh Littlejohns, L., Baum, F., Lawless, A., & Freeman, T. (2019). Disappearing health system building blocks in the health promotion policy context in South Australia (2003–2013). Critical Public Health, 29(2), 228-240.

Callander, E. J., & Fox, H. (2018). What are the costs associated with child and maternal healthcare within Australia? A study protocol for the use of data linkage to identify health service use and health system and patient costs. BMJ Open, 8(2).

Fox, H., Topp, S. M., Callander, E., & Lindsay, D. (2019). A review of the impact of financing mechanisms on maternal health care in Australia. BMC public health, 19(1), 1540.

Johnson, I., Hansen, A., & Bi, P. (2018). The challenges of implementing an integrated One Health surveillance system in Australia. Zoonoses and public health, 65(1), e229-e236.

Littlejohns, L. B., Baum, F., Lawless, A., & Freeman, T. (2018). The value of a causal loop diagram in exploring the complex interplay of factors that influence health promotion in a multisectoral health system in Australia. Health research policy and systems, 16(1), 126.

Lung, T. W., Muhunthan, J., Laba, T. L., Shiell, A., Milat, A., & Jan, S. (2016). Making guidelines for economic evaluations relevant to public health in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health, 41, 115-7.

MacIntyre, C. R., & Heslop, D. J. (2020). Public health, health systems, and palliation planning for COVID-19 on an exponential timeline. The Medical Journal of Australia, 1.

MacIntyre, C. R., Costantino, V., & Kunasekaran, M. P. (2019). Health system capacity in Sydney, Australia, in the event of a biological attack with smallpox. PloS one, 14(6), e0217704.

Vidgen, M. E., Kaladharan, S., Malacova, E., Hurst, C., & Waddell, N. (2020). Sharing genomic data from clinical testing with researchers: a public survey of expectations of clinical genomic data management in Queensland, Australia. BMC Medical Ethics, 21(1), 1-11.

Willis, E., Reynolds, L., & Keleher, H. (Eds.). (, 2016). Understanding the Australian health care system. Elsevier Health Sciences.

 

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