-
QUESTION
Health Policy and Advocacy
In the past years, suicide has been a phenomenal health concern in the world. In the same context, the suicide rate in Australia is continuously rising, making it as one of the major health issues in the country. According to Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 2019), suicide accounts as the 14th leading cause of death wherein it is primarily apparent among the young Australian population including the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) youth.
Many lives are lost due to intentional self- harm, which have devastating impacts, particularly among the young population of both Indigenous and non- Indigenous Australians. From these reoccurring suicidal behaviours and attempts among Australian youth, the Liberal Party of Australia (2019a) was necessitated to devise a strategic plan to prevent suicide and prioritise youth mental health. The government allocated $503.1 million budget for this suicide prevention plan. The focus of this plan is to strengthen or expand the existing headspace network, prevent suicide among the Indigenous people, and early parenting and childhood support (Department of Health, 2019).
This paper will describe the health issue and its context on how the policy was developed. The frame of reference that is evident in the plan will also be tackled. It will also identify the various stakeholders along with the target population involved in addressing the policy. Moreover, the development and the solutions that emerged from the policy will be described. Lastly, it will also discuss the possible effectiveness of the policy.
The Problem and Policy Context
Mental health in Australia has been a major health problem that primarily affects the young population (Hodges, O’Brien & McGorry, 2007). According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW, 2011), 26% or one in four young individuals had experienced mental health disorder and did not often avail mental health services compared with other age
groups. In year 2018, the national statistics in Australia identified the leading cause of death among people aged 15 to 44 years was intentional self- harm. The suicide rate among young people aged 15 to 24 years accounts for 38.4% which is over one third of deaths. In comparison with the Indigenous group, the standardised death rate was 24.1 suicide deaths per 100,000 individuals which greatly impacts the younger ATSI population aged 15 to 44 years (ABS, 2019). Thus, the continuous rise in the suicide death rates among young Indigenous and non- Indigenous population necessitated the development of Youth Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Plan (Liberal Party of Australia, 2019a).
Frame of Reference
The current government presents the continuous increase of suicide incidence and mental health problems among Australian youth as an emerging problem that needs immediate attention and solution. An article in year 2019 showed that in just 12 weeks, the suicide rate among Indigenous group was high. There were approximately 35 suicide deaths, and 3 of those were only children aged 12 years. From this, various organisations were demanding the government to expedite the investment to mental health services that are culturally apt for Aboriginal people (Allam, 2019). The government identified that the current health concern is multifaceted, and it needs a combined approach to suicide prevention that comprises various key factors such as mental health, community, social, and economic (Suicide Prevention Australia, 2019). Therefore, the suicide prevention strategic plan was lifted to a “national, whole-of-government priority” (Liberal Party of Australia, 2019a).
Target, Key Stakeholders and their Representation
The Youth Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Plan was developed for young non- Indigenous and Indigenous Australians. Various stakeholders play a vital role in implementing the newly devised plan. According to the National Mental Health Commission
(NMHC, 2019) consumers are important stakeholders since they are availing the mental health services which is responsible for providing them the appropriate treatment and care. Along with this, carers or families serve as their support in combating mental health problems and suicide. Furthermore, young ambassadors who have lived experience of mental health problems may contribute to young people by educating them about mental health and advising them on how to seek support (Liberal Party of Australia, 2019a).
The federal, state, and local governments are another important stakeholder. They are known as the capacity builders and they are accountable in allocating budget for different mental health services and suicide prevention programs. They also have the authority to choose and implement a policy in response to a certain health issue (NHMC, 2019; Robards et al., 2019). Additionally, the Minister for Health and the Minister for Indigenous Health are responsible in the public health issue wherein they ensure that necessary resources are available and culturally appropriate within the communities. They can also initiate development of medical researches to find advancement in mental health treatment and care (Liberal Party of Australia, 2019b).
The Minister for Health created a Primary Health Network (PHN) advisory panel on mental health to supervise the framework for mental health plans formed by the PHNs. After a careful analysis of the strategic plan for mental health, the panel provides assistance to the Minister of health regarding the different approaches on how to support the PHNs’ role to successfully accomplish the commissioning obligations in mental health (Department of Health, 2019a).
The NMHC is a government agency which intends to give mental health and suicide prevention a national attention. They are responsible in providing evidence-based reports and give assistance to the government and the community on what actions are effective or not, so
that Australians, particularly the young population will attain utmost mental health and wellbeing (NMHC, 2020).
There are other important stakeholders aside from the federal, state, and local government. The PHNs were established to continually deliver and improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the different medical services such as mental health programs and suicide prevention activities to every Australian youth and their families (Department of Health, 2018). Furthermore, the states and territories formed Local Health Networks (LHNs) to manage mental health services to public hospitals and other communities. From this, other sectors such as the General Practice led Clinical Councils and Community Advisory Committees report and provide advice to PHN Boards to develop valuable investments and innovations for the improvement of mental health services to achieve excellent health outcomes (Department of Health, 2016). Hence, the aims of PHNs will be effective and successful when there is a robust collaboration with other sectors such as the LHNs, Clinical Councils, and Community Advisory Committees.
Private and non- government sectors are also key stakeholders and they also contribute to the development of suicide prevention and youth mental health plan. Private sectors involve private services such as acute management, primary care, and rehabilitation that are offered by psychologists, psychiatrists, and other allied healthcare experts.
Correspondingly, non- government sectors include both for profit and not for profit organisations wherein the emphasis of their services or programs are about advocacy and assistance to individuals who have mental disorders or who are at risk of developing mental conditions (NMHC, 2019).
Lastly, the Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (ACCHS) provide mental health services to ATSI people that are culturally appropriate. The services and
programs are similar to the services being offered by private and other community sectors (NMHC, 2019).
Policy Development
In Australia, health care is their priority. Mental health was identified to be a part of the four pillars of the health care system, and it needs to be prioritised. The current government has decided to develop a Youth Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Plan due to the constant increase of suicide rate incidence and occurrence of mental health issues among young Australians. Their investment in this long-term plan was not a choice but a necessity. In the financial year of 2019, it was recorded that the government has spent $4.8 billion on mental health. The government is devoted to deliver quality care and enhanced suicide prevention programs to help the youth in achieving optimal mental health and wellbeing (Liberal Party of Australia, 2019a).
Policy Solutions
Mental health issue and the rising incidence rate of suicide among the young age group has been a public health challenge worldwide (Rosanov, 2020; Greydanus, 2017). Studies show that young people and their families are not accessing mental health services because most of the services are inaccessible are not designed for youth (Fox, Blank, Rovnyak & Barnett, 2011; Patel, Flisher, Hetrick & McGorry, 2007). In the same context, mental health issues and occurrence of suicide among young Australians has been a public health dilemma. Therefore, the government formulated the Youth Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Plan, which focuses on three major objectives (Department of Health, 2019b).
First, it aims to strengthen the headspace network. The headspace was designed to lessen the disease burden in young individuals aged 12 to 25 years caused by substance
related use and mental health conditions (Hodges et al., 2007). It focuses on early intervention to the young population to support and help them cope with difficult situations in their lives. They offer “youth-friendly” services that could prepare the young individuals and their families to achieve the best mental health outcome and connect with their communities (Headspace, 2020). The government will invest $375 million in headspace, and there will be additional 30 networks in year 2021 at a sum of $111 million. It is expected that more than 20 new units will be in regional and rural Australia to guarantee fair access and support to all young people and their families living in remote areas. Additionally, $110 million will be allocated to 6 headspace units to continue the Early Psychosis Youth services. The purpose of this program is to deliver specialised medical services at the initial phases of severe mental illness among young Australians. From this, $2 million will be invested to young ambassadors for mental health projects, so that cognisance of the services will be enhanced (Liberal Party of Australia, 2019a; Department of Health, 2019b).
Second, the plan focuses on the suicide prevention for Indigenous youth. The young Indigenous population aged 15 to 24 years, has four times the risk of committing suicide compared with the non- Indigenous youth (De Leo, Sveticic & Milner, 2011). Mental health services cost, availability, suitability and accessibility are the major barriers that hinder ATSI youth to seek medical support (Westerman, 2010; Leaver, Hoyland & Parslow-Harris, 2018). The Liberal Party of Australia (2019a) is serious in tackling the prevention of suicide among the Indigenous youth. An investment of $34.1 million will be provided to make initiatives in catering culturally acceptable mental health services. Furthermore, to boost the Indigenous leadership, $4.5 million will be invested to help Indigenous Suicide Prevention Australia establish a national plan that is suitable to their culture and traditions. Along with this, $5 million will be allocated to encourage young leaders to take part in location-based cultural courses. Moreover, $3 million investment will be provided to support the underprivileged
children and adolescents in Illawarra who are victims of childhood trauma while $1.2 million will be allocated to Red Dust to deliver emotional and social wellbeing support among the youth in the Northern Territory. Reports from the Liberal Party of Australia, Department of Health (2019b) and Knowles (2019) show that the rate of youth suicide at Kimberley is high compared with other areas which will lead to the provision $ 19.6 million investment through the Indigenous Advancement Strategy for the prevention of suicide among Indigenous youth.
The third focus of the Liberal Party of Australia (2019a) is to improve early childhood and parenting support at a cost of $11.8 million. An investment of $1.5 million for the Raising Children Network will be provided to give professional guidance to parents in recognising their children when they are experiencing problems and know how to respond with this kind of situations. Additionally, $2.5 million will be allocated to Smiling Minds which is a part of Beyond Blue’s Be You. It is a school- based mindfulness program, wherein mental health will be incorporated in education. Other investments will be $4 million for Kids Helpline to boost 24/7 crisis support to children and youth; $2.9 million for batyr to improve the roles of peers in encouraging others to seek guidance and support; $0.4 million for Banksia project, which will aid in the enhancement of the advanced community program and $0.6 million for a trial of the peer workforce for Way Back Support Service of Beyond Blue (Department of Health, 2019b).
Aside from the main focus of the national plan, the government will also invest $22.5 million for mental health research which will be part of their Million Minds mission. The researchers will be of vital significance in discovering innovative treatment, effective care, and culturally apt services to the youth and their families. Interestingly, they will also invest
$15 million in a new national monitoring system for suicide and self- harm which will aid in a timely response to those areas with high incidence of youth suicide. Lastly and most
importantly, the government will assign a National Youth Suicide Prevention Adviser to coordinate and work in the whole sectors of the government to aid in the development of mental health services and suicide prevention programs that will result to a great positive outcomes (Liberal Party of Australia, 2019a; Department of Health 2019b).
Policy Effectiveness
The budget plan for Youth Mental Health and Suicide Prevention that was presented showed the concerted effort of the government to mitigate the incidence of suicide among the young population (Department of Health, 2019b; Liberal Party of Australia, 2019a). A national report in year 2019, showed that PHNs are still coping with the complex obligations that they carry. According to the report, PHNs were able to advance in forming partnerships with LHNs to facilitate incorporation of services across all regions. However, it still needs robust strategies to engage partnerships in other stakeholders to integrate the services. In the context of mental health service delivery in Aboriginal people, ACCHS are experiencing funding issues and there were only a limited number of PHNs that offered partnership with them (NMHC, 2019). This is a long- term plan and it requires the whole government to have a clear picture of their roles and responsibilities. Along with this, the government, including the other key stakeholders must have the same interests and strong partnerships to deliver timely and appropriate mental health services leading to a successful outcome for every Australian youth and their families (Brogden & Morgan, 2019).
From the above-mentioned discussion, it is evident that youth mental health and suicide rate has been an alarming global health issue. In the same context, it is disturbing that Indigenous and non- Indigenous Australian youth is greatly affected by mental health issues and suicide. The Australian government recognised the need for support in youth mental health and suicide prevention. Thus, they developed a national strategic plan which focuses
on strengthening the headspace networks, suicide prevention for Indigenous youth, and early childhood and parenting support. These solutions may be effective if the whole government and the key stakeholders will work together to ensure that the services will be available, suitable, and accessible to every Australian youth across all regions. Also, the delivery of mental health services will be improved if evidence- based research and nationwide suicide monitoring will be incorporated. The success of the plan will depend on the collaborative efforts of the whole government, the key stakeholders including the consumers and carers.
References
Allam, L. (2019, March 22). Indigenous suicide: 35 dead in three months, including three 12- year-old children. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/mar/22/indigenous-suicide-35- dead-in-three-months-including-three-12-year-old-children
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2019). Causes of Death, Australia, 2018. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/by%20Subject/3303.0~2018~Main
%20Features~Intentional%20self- harm%20in%20Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20Islander%20people~4
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2011). Young Australians: Their health and wellbeing 2011. Canberra: AIHW.
Brogden, L., & Morgan, C. (2019). Government-led roundtable meeting to review investment to date in mental health and suicide prevention. Retrieved from https://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov.au/News/2019/June/Renewing-investment- in-MH-and-suicide-prevention
De Leo, D., Sveticic, J., & Milner, A. (2011). Suicide in Indigenous people in Queensland, Australia: Trends and methods, 1994–2007. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(7), 532-538. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2011.570310
Department of Health. (2016). Primary Health Networks: Grant programme guidelines.
Retrieved from https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/F4F85B97E22A94C ACA257F86007C7D1F/$File/Primary%20Health%20Network%20Grant%20Progra mme%20Guidelines%20-%20V1.2%20February%202016.pdf
Department of Health. (2018). Fact Sheet: Primary Health Networks. Retrieved from https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/Fact-Sheet-Primary- Health-Networks+
Department of Health. (2019a). Primary Health Network advisory panel on mental health.
Retrieved from https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/mental-health- advisory-panel
Department of Health. (2019b). Prioritising mental health- Youth mental health and suicide prevention plan. Retrieved from https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/prioritising-mental-health-youth-mental- health-and-suicide-prevention-plan_0.pdf
Fox, J. C., Blank, M., Rovnyak, V. G., & Barnett, R. Y. (2011). Barriers to help seeking for mental disorders in a rural impoverished population. Community Mental Health Journal, 37, 421-436. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017580013197
Greydanus, D. E. (2017). Youth suicide: History, epidemiology, risks, and management. International Journal of Child Health & Human Development, 10(4), 285-297. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.laureate.net.au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1 1&sid=ce5a07c3-7c9c-417e-a95e-d5cf01b41102%40pdc-v-sessmgr06
Headspace. (2020). Who we are. Retrieved from https://headspace.org.au/about-us/who-we- are/
Hodges, C. A., O'Brien, M. S., & McGorry, P. D. (2007). Headspace: National youth mental health foundation: Making headway with rural young people and their mental health .
The Australian Journal of Rural Health, 15(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440- 1584.2007.00868.x
Knowles, R. (2019, December 18). Young people take charge in the Kimberley to address youth suicide rates. National Indigenous Times. Retrieved from https://nit.com.au/young-people-take-charge-in-the-kimberley-to-address-youth- suicide-rates/
Leaver, S. K., Hoyland, M., & Parslow-Harris, L. (2018). Three Steps Forward: The quest to develop a culturally informed mental health outreach framework for engaging indigenous children, young people and families within an urban community.
International Journal of Integrated Care (IJIC), 18, 1-2. doi:https://doi- org.ezproxy.laureate.net.au/10.5334/ijic.s1082
Liberal Party of Australia. (2019a). Our plan for youth mental health and suicide prevention.
Retrieved from https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/partypol/6725102/upload_binar y/6725102.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf#search=%22library/partypol/6725102%2 2
Liberal Party of Australia. (2019b, April 13). Support for youth and Indigenous mental health. Liberal. Retrieved from https://www.liberal.org.au/latest- news/2019/04/13/support-youth-and-indigenous-mental-health
National Mental Health Commission. (2019). Monitoring mental health and suicide prevention reform: National Report 2019. Sydney: NMHC.
National Mental Health Commission. (2020). National Mental Health Commission: Our role.
Retrieved from https://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov.au/About/our-role
Patel, V., Flisher, A. J., Hetrick, S., & McGorry, P. (2007). Mental health of young people: A global public-health challenge. The Lancet, 369(9569), 1302-1313. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60368-7
Robards, F., Kang, M., Steinbeck, K., Hawke, C., Jan, S., Sanci, L., . . . Usherwood, T. (2019). Health care equity and access for marginalised young people: A longitudinal qualitative study exploring health system navigation in Australia. International Journal for Equity in Health, 18(41). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-0941-2
Rosanov, V. (2020). Mental health problems and suicide in the younger generation - Implications for prevention in the Navy and merchant fleet. International Maritime Health, 34-41. doi:https://doi-org.ezproxy.laureate.net.au/10.5603/IMH.2020.0009
Westernman, T. G. (2010). Engaging Australian Aboriginal youth in mental health services.
Australian Psychologists, 45, 212-222. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060903451790
ASSESSMENT BRIEF
Subject Code and Title PUBH6001: Health Policy and Advocacy
Assessment Assessment 2: Policy Analysis Essay
Individual/Group Individual
Length 2000 words (+/‐) 10%)
Learning Outcomes
This assessment addresses the following learning
outcomes:
Analyse different theories and approaches to policy
agenda setting
Apply knowledge of policy development to a public
health policy issue
Analyse issues in contemporary Australian health
care policy
Develop processes for the evaluation of and
accountability for policy
Critique the role of networks and coalitions in the
policy agenda setting process
Submission Sunday of week 8 at 11.55pm*
Weighting 40%
Total Marks 100 marks
*Please Note: This time is Sydney time (AEST or AEDT). Please convert to your own time zone (eg. Adelaide = 11:25pm).
Instructions:
In this Assessment, you will engage in policy analysis. Choose a health policy (either current or past),
either at the state or federal level, to analyse in this Assignment (eg, mental health policy, women’s health policy,
preventative health policy, men’s health policy, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health policy).
The Assignment should be approximately 2,000 words (+/‐ 10%) and presented in essay form.
Address the following questions in your Assessment but please do not answer the questions
as a series of short answers:
Firstly, provide a short introduction to your essay. Then proceed to analyse your chosen policy, and in doing so,
consider the following issues:
The Problem and Context
- Describe the current and historical policy context of the problem.
- What is the problem which the policy seeks to address?
What problems are highlighted?
- What problems have been overlooked?
Frame of Reference/Dominant Discourse
- What is the common frame of reference or dominant discourse evidence within this policy?
- Are certain words and phrases commonly used?
- Are there any underlying assumptions behind these?
Targets, Stakeholders and their Representation
- Who is the target of the policy (the subject of the discourse)?
- Who are the other stakeholders identified in the policy? Describe key institutional structures,
agencies and workforce capacity building.
- How are the subjects of the policy being represented?
- How are different social groups portrayed in this policy and what implications does this have?
- Are there any moral judgements expressed in this representation?
Policy process
- Who were the stakeholders involved in the development of the policy? Who was overlooked?
•Whose interests were represented in the development of the policy? Which voices were not heard?
- What were the potential competing interests and power differentials of those involved
in the development of the policy?
- What was the motivation for stakeholders in creating this policy?
- Were there any particular windows of opportunity that enabled the development of this policy?
Policy Solutions
- What solutions are put forward to address the problems?
What alternative solutions might have been overlooked?
- Are there any social/power/ethical implications of this policy?
Effectiveness
- Consider the implementation of the policy. How effectively do you think the current policy has been implemented?
- What are the accountability processes for the policy?
- Consider evaluation measures (indicators) and any evaluation which has been undertaken.
- How effective has the policy proven to be?
Finally, finish your essay with a conclusion.
Assessment Criteria:
Knowledge and understanding of the policy issue (30%)
Critical analysis of the problem, frames of reference used, the policy process
and policy solutions (30%)
Application and synthesis of knowledge about policy theories (25%)
General Assessment Criteria (15%) Assessment fulfills general academic standards, including:
Provide an introduction and conclusion
Complies with academic standards of writing, including legibility, clarity, accurate spelling,
presentation and grammar.
Uses appropriate APA 6 style for citing and referencing research
Upholds standards of academic integrity, as demonstrated by acceptable report
from text‐matching software (e.g Safe Assign).
Marking Rubric:
Assessment attributes F2
0‐34
F1
35‐49
Pass
50‐64
Credit
65‐74
Distinction
75‐84
High Distinction (HD)
85‐100
Grade description
Evidence of
unsatisfactory
achievement of one or
more of the learning
objectives of the
subject, insufficient
understanding of the
subject content and/or
unsatisfactory level of
skill development.
Evidence of
satisfactory
achievement of subject
learning outcomes and
adequate knowledge
and critical analysis
skills.
Evidence of a good
level of understanding,
knowledge and skill
development in
relation to the content
of the subject.
Demonstration of a
good level of critical
analysis.
Evidence of a high level
of achievement of the
learning objectives
demonstrated in such
areas as interpretation
and critical analysis,
logical argument, use
of methodology and
communication skills.
Evidence of an
exceptional level of
achievement of the
learning objectives
across the entire
content of the course
demonstrated in such
areas as interpretation
and critical analysis,
logical argument,
creativity, originality,
use of methodology
and communication
skills.
Knowledge and
understanding of the
policy issue (30%)
The assessment does
not demonstrate
knowledge or
understanding of the
policy issue.
The assessment
demonstrates some
knowledge and
understanding of the
policy issue, but this is
limited. Claims
regarding the policy
are anecdotal and not
well linked to relevant
literature (either grey
or peer review).
The assessment
demonstrates a good
level of knowledge and
understanding of the
policy issue. This is
reasonably well linked
to relevant literature.
The assessment
demonstrates a high
level of knowledge and
understanding about
the policy issue. This
understanding is well
supported by relevant
literature.
The assessment
demonstrates an
exceptional level of
knowledge and
understanding about
the policy issue. This
understanding is very
well supported by
relevant literature,
which shows extensive
research has been
conducted.
Critical analysis of the
problem, frames of
reference used, the
policy process
and policy solutions
(30%)
The assessment does
not demonstrate any
critical analysis.
The assessment
demonstrates some
attempts at critical
analysis, but the
discussion of the policy
problem, frames,
policy process and
policy solutions is
mostly descriptive.
The assessment
demonstrates a
reasonable critical
analysis of the policy,
including the policy
problem, frames of
reference, policy
process and policy
solutions. Alternative
ways to approach the
policy issue are
discussions.
The assessment
demonstrates a very
good critical analysis of
the policy, with an
analysis of the policy
problem, frames of
reference, policy
process and policy
solutions that
considers alternative
ways to approach this
policy issue.
The assessment
demonstrates a well
developed and
comprehensive critical
analysis of the policy,
with an analysis of the
policy problem, frames
of reference, policy
process and policy
solutions that
considers alternative
ways to approach this
policy issue.
Application and
synthesis of
knowledge about
policy theories (25%)
The assessment does
not demonstrate any
application of policy
theories.
The assessment
displays attempts to
apply policy theories in
the discussion of the
policy issue. The
understanding of policy
theories is limited.
The assessment
displays a reasonable
application of policy
theories in the analysis
of the policy issue.
There are some minor
limitations in
knowledge of policy
theories.
The assessment
displays a very good
application and
synthesis of policy
theories in discussion
the policy issue. This
demonstrates a very
good level of
understanding of policy
theories.
The assessment
displays an excellent
application of policy
theories in the
discussion of the policy
issue. The discussion
demonstrates an
excellent and
comprehensive
knowledge of policy
theories.
General Assessment
Criteria (15%)
Assessment fulfills
general academic
standards, including:
Provide an
introduction and
conclusion
Poorly written with
errors in
spelling, grammar.
The assessment has no
introduction or
conclusion.
Demonstrates
Is written according to
academic genre
(e.g. with
introduction,
conclusion or
summary) and has
accurate spelling,
grammar,
sentence and
Is well‐written and
adheres to the
academic genre
(e.g. with
introduction,
conclusion or
summary).
Demonstrates
Is very well‐written
and adheres to the
academic genre.
Consistently
demonstrates expert
use of good quality,
credible and
relevant research
Expertly written and
adheres to the
academic
genre.
Demonstrates
expert use of highquality,
credible and
relevant research
Complies with
academic standards of
writing, including
legibility, clarity,
accurate spelling,
presentation and
grammar.
Uses appropriate APA
6 style for citing and
referencing research
Upholds standards of
academic integrity, as
demonstrated by
acceptable report
from text‐matching
software (e.g Safe
Assign).
inconsistent use of
good quality,
credible and relevant
research sources to
support and develop
ideas.
There are mistakes in
using the APA style.
There may be questions
regarding the academic
integrity of the
assessment.
paragraph
construction.
Demonstrates
consistent use of
credible and relevant
research sources to
support and develop
ideas, but these are
not always explicit or
well developed.
There are no mistakes
in using the APA style.
The assessment
upholds standards of
academic integrity.
consistent use of
high quality, credible
and relevant
research sources to
support and develop
ideas.
There are no mistakes
in using the APA style.
The assessment
upholds standards of
academic integrity.
sources to support
and develop
appropriate
arguments and
statements. Shows
evidence of reading
beyond the key
reading
There are no mistakes
in using the APA style.
The assessment
upholds standards of
academic integrity.
sources to support
and develop
arguments and
position statements.
Shows extensive
evidence of reading
beyond the key
reading
There are no mistakes
in using the APA
Style.
The assessment
upholds standards of
academic integrity.
| Subject | Nursing | Pages | 5 | Style | APA |
|---|
Answer
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Policy Analysis: Australia’s Youth Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Plan
Introduction
According to the World health organization (WHO), approximately a million people commit suicide globally, and many more suicidal attempts, about 10-20 million, are also registered yearly (Atkinson et al., 2019). These statistics make suicide one of the top leading causes of deaths among people, especially those aged between 15 and 44 years (Vu et al., 2018). According to Kinchin and Doran (2018), Australia’s leading cause of death among people aged 15-44 years is suicide, with at least 300 ending their lives each year in Australia. To minimize these numbers and prevent suicide, it is imperative that all Australians get the aid and support they need. This necessitated the institution of the Youth Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Plan (YMHSPP) to devise approaches that can be employed to prevent suicide and priorities youth psychological health (Department of Health, 2019b). This paper aims at describing suicide and its context on how YMHSPP policy was developed. This paper discusses the policy’s frame of reference, identifies its stakeholders and target population, discusses the solutions and developments associated with the policy so far, and discusses its effectiveness.
The Problem and Policy Context
Mental health/disorders and suicidality (plan, attempt or ideation) among adolescents are great public health issues due to their high prevalence as well as the substantial burden that they place upon the society (Zubrick et al., 2016). Not only are suicidality and mental health issues frequently correlated, but Lawrence et al. (2016) note that both are crucial contributors of disabling conditions and premature mortality and are globally costly. In Australia, suicide is the leading cause of death among 15-24 year old Australians (Rosanov, 2020). According to a report by Orygen, Australian National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, identified the following from the ABS (2019) report: 3,046 Australians did die by suicide in 2018, out of which 458 were young people below 25 years (111 females and 347 males); overrepresentation of Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal young people in these suicide data, with the indigenous Australians aged 15-24 having a suicide rate of 40.5 per 100,000 (three times the rate of non-indigenous young people (11.7)); among the 15-24-year-old Australian males, the age-standardized suicide rate was 20.2 per 100,000 individuals, relative to 18.4 in 2017; and among the 15-24-year-old females, the age-standardized rate of suicide was 6.4 per 100,000 individuals, relative to the 2017’s 6.6 (Islam, Khanam & Kabir, 2020). Therefore, the continuous increase in the rate of suicide deaths among young indigenous and non-indigenous Australians necessitated the establishment of YMHSPP. This prevention plan informs the object of this study.
Frame of Reference
Currently, the Australian government is considering the rise in mental health and suicide challenges among Australian youth as an emerging challenge that needs immediate address and solution. As a result of this continually increasing rate, various Australian organizations and international organizations based in Australia have urged the Australian government to accelerate its investment in mental health challenges and services that are culturally apposite for the Torres Strait Islander people and Aboriginals (Leaver, Hoyland & Parslow-Harris, 2018). Thomas et al. (2017) opine that since the suicide challenge is a complex and multifaceted issue, the Australian government has embraced a multipronged approach to minimize the same, encapsulating issues around social, economic, community, and mental health. Thus, the YMHSPP was made a national priority.
Target, Key Stakeholders and their Representation
The high suicide rate, especially among young Australians, is a national tragedy. Notwithstanding the good work being in this regard, suicide death rates continue to rise in Australia. Consequently, the Australian government allocated $461 million in its 2019-2020 budget for YMHSPP, a national strategy aimed at preventing suicide and fostering the mental wellbeing of indigenous and non-indigenous young Australians (Brogden & Morgan, 2019). The YMHSPP target is the Australian youth.
Aiding the implementation and realization of the policy’s goals are several stakeholders. First are the young ambassadors. Through the involvement of young ambassadors who have a past experience of mental health challenges, the YMHSPP will be able to educate young Australians regarding mental health and counsel them on how they can seek support (Page et al., 2017). The second category of stakeholders is the Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (ACCHS). ACCHS provide culturally appropriate mental healthcare services to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (Leaver, Hoyland & Parslow-Harris, 2018). The programs and services are alike to services being provided by private and other community sectors. The other significant stakeholders are the consumers since the suicide prevention plan avail mental healthcare services which are responsible for offering them apt care and treatment (Page et al., 2018). Additionally, families and/or carers support in fighting mental health challenges and suicide.
Non-government and private sectors are equally key role players in suicide prevention plan. They contribute, according to Greydanus (2017), to the development of YMHSPP. Private sectors provide services like primary care, acute management, and rehabilitation which are provided by psychiatrists, psychologists, along with other allied healthcare professionals. Non-government sectors stress through their programs and services about assistance to individuals with mental health challenges and advocacy of mental healthcare (Islam, Khanam & Kabir, 2020).
Primary Health Network (PHN) is also crucial stakeholders in this policy implementation. The role of PHNs is to improve and deliver efficiency and effectiveness of the various medical services, like mental health programs as well as suicide prevention activities, to each and every Australian youth along with their families (Carey, 2020). Additionally, territories and states created Local health Networks (LHNs) to help manage mental healthcare services to public care facilities and other communities. However, Vu et al. (2018) note that the success of PHNs in the discharge of their roles depends on its collaboration with other sectors, like Community Advisory Committees, LHNs, and Clinical Councils.
Further, the federal, state, and local governments are crucial stakeholders as well. Regarded as capacity builders in this plan, the federal, state, and local governments role play in the allocation of budget to various suicide prevention programs and mental health services (Kinchin & Doran, 2018). They have the power to choose and implement policies and regulations to some health issue(s) (Zubrick et al., 2016). The Minister for Indigenous Health and that for Health have a responsibility in Australia’s public health issues of making sure that necessary resources are available, accessible and culturally apposite in communities and play a significant role in the initiation of development of medical researches aimed at finding out advancement of mental healthcare and treatment (Brogden & Morgan, 2019). The Minister for health also created a PHN advisor panel on matters mental health to oversee the structure for mental health plans created by the PHNs (Department of Health, 2019a). The panel carefully assesses the strategic plan developed for mental health and give assistance to the Minister for Health concerning the various strategies on how to aid the role of PHNs to successfully realize the commissioning responsibilities in mental health (Department of Health, 2019a).
Additionally, there is the National Mental Health Commission (NMHC), an Australian government agency that aims at giving mental health and suicide prevention a countrywide attention. NMHC has the responsibility of offering proof-based reports and provide assistance to the Australian community and the government regarding the actions that are effective or ineffective so that Australians, especially the young Australians, will realize utmost mental wellbeing and health (Thomas et al., 2017). Similarly, a Suicide Prevention Coordinator has been established under the country’s Prime Minister’s assortment to coordinate plans, strategies and activities across the country and assist in designing services that make significant differences for individuals at risk (Greydanus, 2017).
Policy Development
Healthcare is among the items given priority by the Australian government. Mental healthcare was recognized as among the four pillars of the country’s healthcare system. Consequently, the government has developed the YMHSPP owing to the constant rise in the rate and incidence of suicide along with the occurrence of mental healthcare challenges among young Australians. The government devoted $461 in its 2019-2020 to ensure that enhanced suicide prevention strategies and quality care are provided to Australians to assist the youth in realizing maximum mental wellbeing and health (Leaver, Hoyland & Parslow-Harris, 2018).
Policy Solutions
Mental health concerns in Australia and globally has been rising steadily among young people. This has been associated with the fact that young people along with their families do have insufficient access to mental healthcare services since most of the care services are not designed to be accessible to the young people (Sheppard, Deane & Ciarrochi, 2018). To help restrain the rising incidence among young Australians, the Australian government established the YMHSPP with a focus on three crucial solutions. First, YMHSPP functions to strengthen the headspace network. The headspace was formulated to lessen the suicide burden in young Australians aged 12-25 years that are caused by substance associated use along with mental health conditions (Rosanov, 2020). This program concentrates on early intervention to the young Australian population to help and support them deal with challenging situations in their personal lives (Page et al., 2018). The YMHSPP, through this initiative, offers youth-friendly care services that are able to prepare the young Australians along with their families to attain the best mental health results and connect with their families and communities (Sheppard, Deane & Ciarrochi, 2018). According to a report by ABS (2019), a sum of $375 million will be devoted to headspace and there will be 30 additional networks in 2021 at a $111 million sum. Through this initiative, at least 20 new units will be in rural and regional Australia to warrant support and access to all young Australians along with their families living in the country’s remote areas. The report adds that $110 will be set aside for the setting up of six headspace units which will be used to continue Early Psychosis Youth services. This program aims at delivering specialized medical services to young Australians at their initial stages of severe mental diseases.
The second solution concentrates on the prevention of suicide of indigenous youth. Studies have shown that the major hurdles hindering the indigenous Australian youth from seeking medical support are the cost, suitability, availability, and accessibility of mental health services (Brogden & Morgan, 2019; Atkinson et al., 2019; Carey, 2020). The ABS (2019) indicates that a sum of $34.1 million will be used to create programs and initiatives in developing culturally suitable mental health services for the indigenous Australian youth. The report adds that to bolster the indigenous youth leadership, a sum of $4.5 million will be allocated to assist Indigenous Suicide Prevention Australia form a countrywide plan suitable for the traditions and culture of the indigenous population. Additionally, $5 million will be used to motivate young leaders to participate in location-based tradition and culture courses, $3 million to support adolescents and underage children in Australia who are often the victims of childhood trauma, and $1.2 million to Red Dust to provide social and emotional wellbeing and support to Australia’s Northern Territory youth.
The third solution is to better early childhood and parenting support, for which $11.8 million has been allocated in the 2019-2020 budget. ABS (2019) reports highlights that a total of $1.5 million will be provided for the Raising Children Network to give expert guidance to parents on how to know when their children are experiencing challenges and how they can effectively respond in each situation. The report adds that $2.5 million is allocated to Smiling Minds, a school-based mindfulness program, where mental health issues will be integrated in education. The report highlights that $4 million will be used for Kids Helpline to enhance 24/7 crisis aid to youth and children. Other programs that will be effected under this solution include the improvement of the roles of peers in motivating other people to seek support and guidance and enhancement of community programs.
Policy Effectiveness
So far, it can be noted that Australia has rigorous determination to alleviate the rate of suicide among young Australian population. The PHNs are doing all that it takes to deal with the complex suicide issues. The PHNs and LHNs have formed partnerships to enhance integration of services across the country (Carey, 2020). Nonetheless, there is still a need to form more partnerships with other stakeholders to integrate suicide prevention services. ACCHS, within the context of mental health service provision in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, are experiencing financial issues and there are only a restricted number of PHNs offering partnerships with them (Rosanov, 2020). This is a long-term plan, requiring the government as a whole to have a vivid picture of their responsibilities and roles. Additionally, the Australian government and other stakeholders in this movement should have similar interests and robust partnerships for them to deliver appropriate and timely mental health care and services resulting in better outcomes for every single Australian you along with their families (Islam, Khanam & Kabir, 2020).
Conclusion
Evidently, mental health and suicide among the youth has been an alarming issue worldwide. In Australia, despite the indigenous Australian youth being worse affected by the issue, non-indigenous Australian youth are equally affected by the same. This has made the Australian government acknowledge the need for support in youth mental health and suicide, giving birth to the YMHSPP, a countrywide strategic plan that concentrates on strengthening headspace networks, offering support for early childhood and parenting, and preventing suicide for indigenous youth. This study has shown that these solutions can only be optimally achieved if the government as a whole along with crucial stakeholders works collectively to make sure that the services are suitable, available, and accessible to all Australian youth across the country. Additionally, this study has shown that mental health care and services will be bettered if proof-based research and countrywide suicide monitoring will be employed.
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[/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color="#E02B20" divider_weight="2px" _builder_version="4.9.3" _module_preset="default" width="10%" module_alignment="center" custom_margin="|||349px||"][/et_pb_divider][/et_pb_column_inner][/et_pb_row_inner][et_pb_row_inner use_custom_gutter="on" _builder_version="4.9.3" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="|||-44px||" custom_margin_tablet="|||0px|false|false" custom_margin_phone="" custom_margin_last_edited="on|tablet" custom_padding="13px||16px|0px|false|false"][et_pb_column_inner saved_specialty_column_type="3_4" _builder_version="4.9.3" _module_preset="default"][et_pb_blog fullwidth="off" post_type="project" posts_number="5" excerpt_length="26" show_more="on" show_pagination="off" _builder_version="4.9.3" _module_preset="default" header_font="|600|||||||" read_more_font="|600|||||||" read_more_text_color="#e02b20" width="100%" custom_padding="|||0px|false|false" border_radii="on|5px|5px|5px|5px" border_width_all="2px" box_shadow_style="preset1"][/et_pb_blog][/et_pb_column_inner][/et_pb_row_inner][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type="1_4" _builder_version="3.25" custom_padding="|||" custom_padding__hover="|||"][et_pb_sidebar orientation="right" area="sidebar-1" _builder_version="4.9.3" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="|-3px||||"][/et_pb_sidebar][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built="1" specialty="on" _builder_version="4.9.3" _module_preset="default" custom_padding="0px|0px|0px|||"][et_pb_column type="3_4" specialty_columns="3" _builder_version="3.25" custom_padding="|||" custom_padding__hover="|||"][et_pb_row_inner _builder_version="4.9.3" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="|||-44px|false|false" custom_margin_tablet="|||0px|false|false" custom_margin_phone="" custom_margin_last_edited="on|tablet" custom_padding="28px|||||"][et_pb_column_inner saved_specialty_column_type="3_4" _builder_version="4.9.3" _module_preset="default"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.9.3" _module_preset="default"]- QUESTIONWeek 4 Discusssion
Choose ONE of the following discussion question options to respond to: Using Adverse Conditions to a Company's AdvantageThis is a discussion question that I need answered. I need the second portion of the questioned answered thoroughly, both bullet points. I have highlighted it in yellow to show that it is what I need answered. I need this r returned to me completed without any grammatical or punctual errors. The company that I want this question written about is Nissan Motor Corporation. - Chakravorti (2010) discusses four methods that corporate innovators use to turn adverse conditions to their advantage. Examine an organization of your choice and briefly discuss how the organization might use one of these methods.
- Using the company of your choice, identify an important and difficult decision that they faced. What were the most important risks and the most important rewards of the decision?
- What data, analysis or perspective would you have used to help Sr. Management decide if the rewards outweighed the risks?
| Subject | Business | Pages | 4 | Style | APA |
|---|
Answer
Al Gore’s “An Inconvenient Truth” Movie Analysis
While delivering a speech, persuasion is essential in convincing the audience to listen to their ideas in their address. In An Inconvenient Truth, former US Vice President Al – Gore speaks on global warming as an encroaching crisis affecting its atmosphere and the environment as his central message. Al- Gore effectively persuades the audience into joining his cause against global warming by using persuasive communication strategies, a solid introduction, rhetoric strategies, oral citations, proper speech delivery, and presentation aids to evoke the audience in supporting his cause.
Al- Gore’s successfully incorporates a solid speech introduction to attract the audience’s attention. He begins the introduction with a joke alluding to him being the “former future president of the United States.” The use of such a satirical comment evokes the audience wondering who would be bold enough to stand on stage after losing a race, such as the presidential election. This captures the audience to be more involving in his speech and sit for a better listening into the matters at hand. Later on, he introduces his speech topic by focusing on his central message, outlining his whole address's main points. Finally, it eases the audience by showing a mangrove parchment indicated to involve the audience in relating to a preserved environment before expounding on his speech. The audience is engaged after this as he gets into his central message and further engaging in his speech.
Al-Gore's excellently persuades the audience by using ethos as a rhetorical strategy throughout the speech. Ethos employs a sense of trustworthiness and competence that enables the audience to believe in the speaker's credibility. He shows ethos by acknowledging his commitment to the earth as an environmental activist. Al- Gore's speech is based on expansive research that helps the audience trust his competence in speaking on the issue. Al- Gore's possesses charisma and positive energy that attracts the audience to remain rooted in listening to his appeal towards addressing global warming. As characteristics of applying ethos in a speech, the combination of dynamism and competence draws the crowd to become trustworthy with his presentation and remains attentive throughout the address.
Al- Gore’s effectively employs persuasive communication strategies that include positive motivation, negative motivation, cognitive dissonance, non-verbal communication, and appeals to self-esteem in his speech. Positive and negative motivations are essential in persuading the audience to venture into addressing global warming to achieve positive outcomes in the environment. Consequently, Al-Gore uses negative motivation to convince the audience that failure to look into measures of curbing global warming and climate change, the earth might end up like the few places he depicts in his comparison photographs and videos. Cognitive dissonance helps change one's perspective to something by discomforting norms and beliefs to persuade an audience towards change. At the start of the documentary, Al-Gore introduces a short video of a beautiful mangrove parchment that would stay in the back of the audience's mind on what should be safeguarded. To destabilize the audience, he shows pictorials of areas devastated by global warming, evoking fear and panic for the world that has become dormant in addressing this issue. Intertwined, with his central idea, Al- Gore persuades the audience in a bleak and disheartened tone to fight for preserving the environment.
In addition, Al-Gore’s effectually uses non-verbal communication in his body language is established through a dejected worrying tone for identifying with the audience on the prevailing situation. Al- Gore’s body movement showed confidence in his walk and constant interactiveness with the audience. Al – Gore also has a confiden, genuine smile appearing as a well- groomed and dressed man in delivering his speech. In the documentary, Al-Gore's clear expression of displeasure with people who negated around global warming instead of addressing is clear. Al-Gore aimed to show concern for the issue. Al –Gore's self-esteem pushes his central message across the audience by focusing on positivity and the audience's contributions to curb global warming. His articulation of each point across helps in building confidence with the audience. His confidence in his speech persuades the audience to be on board the matter.
Oral citations are well used in An Inconvenient Truth to capture the audience's attention. Al- Gore uses oral citations effectively to show reliability, credibility, and validity of information conveyed in his speech address. Denoting empirical evidence from videos, charts, and maps allude the audience into believing that Al- Gore critically researched the issue and came up with a profound speech to convince the audience to join his cause to remove fallacies on wrong information presented in his speech. Virtually, his research pays off as he captures the audience in his factual interactions on the matter.
Al – Gore excellently uses presentation aids like projected images, comparison photographs, short videos, satirical cartoons, and info graphs like maps and charts to help persuade his audience to come to his plea in preserving the environment by combating global warming. Projected images show areas adversely affected by global warming, including flooded areas. The short videos as well show people injured due to flooding. The graphs and maps show empirical evidence of the effects of global warming in areas. A comparison of videos and pictures shows how some places were before global warming and its impact after years. All these visual aids serve as areas involving the audience's concern and worry over the deteriorating ecosystem around us. Al-Gore was not shy off, including videos of politicians passing over the global warming issue through satirical cartoons while also poking at renowned scientists worldwide who showed the existence of climate change. As much as Al-Gore is a politician, he intended for the audience to understand that his concern was for the environment and endeavors towards combating global warming rather than politically-driven shows with aspirations of a political seat.
Lastly, Al- Gore successfully uses ethos, pathos, and logos strategies to capture the audience's attention in his speech. Ethos employs a sense of trustworthiness and competence that enables the audience to believe in the speaker's credibility. He shows ethos by acknowledging his commitment to the earth as an environmental activist. The documentary shows the incorporation of logos through his presentation of scientific facts that support his claims to global warming as an issue of concern. Lastly, his attributes to incorporate his son's demise into comparing it to his commitment to the environment show pathos as a rhetoric strategy. Successful integration of photographs and videos of areas affected by global warming helped provoke the audience to support his cause towards alleviating global warming.
In conclusion, Al – Gore effectively incorporates persuasive communication strategies, a solid introduction, rhetoric strategies, oral citations, proper speech delivery, and presentation aids to evoke the audience in supporting his fight against global warming. Using all these techniques successfully convinces the audience to have a concern about the deteriorating ecosystem. Having watched the documentary, I am persuaded to carry on the legacy of conserving our environment as an environmental ambassador.
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References
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