1.Anaerobic respiration can lead to a burning sensation caused by which molecule?
- Lactic acid.
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
- Adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
- Creatine-phosphate.
Explanation:
Anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is scarce, and the body breaks down glucose without oxygen, producing lactic acid as a byproduct. This lactic acid accumulates in muscles during intense exercise, leading to a burning sensation due to the drop in pH (increased acidity) in the muscle tissue.
2.If the zygomatic arch is broken, where is the fracture located?
- Wrist.
- Face.
- Shoulder.
- Knee.
Explanation:
The zygomatic arch is a bony structure in the skull, specifically part of the cheekbone (zygomatic bone) that forms an arch with the temporal bone. A fracture here would be located in the face, often associated with facial trauma.
3.What are the macromolecules the genetic code is carried on?
- A. DNA.
- B. Chromosomes.
- C. Nucleotides.
- D. RNA.
Explanation:
The genetic code, which contains the instructions for building proteins, is primarily carried on DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in the nucleus of cells. DNA is the macromolecule that stores genetic information.
4.Which anatomical structure houses the terminal bronchioles?
- Femur.
- Lung.
- Diaphysis.
- Heart.
Explanation:
Terminal bronchioles are the smallest airways in the respiratory system, located within the lungs. They are part of the bronchial tree, which branches out within the lungs to facilitate gas exchange. The femur is a bone, the diaphysis is part of a bone’s structure, and the heart is not involved in housing bronchioles.
5.Which structure is found in the upper respiratory tract?
- Pharynx.
- Bronchi.
- Alveoli.
- Lungs.
Explanation:
The upper respiratory tract includes structures like the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx, which are involved in the initial passage and conditioning of air. The bronchi, alveoli, and lungs are part of the lower respiratory tract, where gas exchange occurs. The pharynx, located in the throat, is the correct answer as it’s part of the upper respiratory system.
6.Which structure of the eye picks up color?
- Pupil.
- Iris.
- Rod.
- Cone.
Explanation:
Cones are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that are responsible for detecting color and functioning in bright light conditions. Rods, on the other hand, detect light intensity and are more active in low-light conditions but do not perceive color. The pupil is the opening that lets light in, and the iris controls the pupil’s size, but neither detects color.
7.How many days is the average menstrual cycle?
- 14.
- 30.
- 28.
- 45.
Explanation:
The average menstrual cycle lasts about 28 days, though it can vary between individuals (typically 21 to 35 days). This cycle includes phases like menstruation, the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase. 14 days is too short (closer to the time from menstruation to ovulation), and 30 or 45 days are not the average.
8.Which structure regulates the transport of substances in and out of a cell?
- Cell wall.
- Cell membrane.
- Nuclear membrane.
- Cell’s cytoplasm.
Explanation:
The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane) regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell through processes like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. The cell wall (in plants) provides structural support, the nuclear membrane controls access to the nucleus, and the cytoplasm is the cell’s internal fluid, but none of these regulate transport like the cell membrane does.
9.Why are the hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes from the stomach unable to digest the stomach itself?
- Stomach wall is composed of substances other than protein.
- Stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.
- Rugae lining of the stomach is too tough to be attacked by digestive enzymes.
- The digestive enzymes in the stomach are too weak.
Explanation:
The stomach produces hydrochloric acid and enzymes like pepsin to digest food, but it protects itself with a thick layer of mucus that lines its walls. This mucus prevents the acid and enzymes from digesting the stomach tissue. The stomach wall does contain proteins, the rugae (folds) are not tough enough to resist digestion without mucus, and the enzymes are not weak—they’re highly effective at breaking down proteins.
10.Which advice would be appropriate to offer a person who has very active apocrine glands?
- Use deodorant regularly.
- Obtain treatment for the rash.
- Clean the nails frequently.
- Keep the ears clean.
Explanation:
Apocrine glands are sweat glands found in areas like the armpits and groin, and they produce sweat that can lead to body odor when broken down by bacteria. Using deodorant regularly helps manage odor by reducing bacterial activity and masking smells. The other options (treating a rash, cleaning nails, or ears) are unrelated to managing active apocrine glands.
11.When drawing blood from the antecubital region, which vessel is used?
- Brachial vein.
- Radial artery.
- Ulnar vein.
- Axillary artery.
Explanation:
The antecubital region is the inner elbow, a common site for drawing blood. The brachial vein, located in this area, is often used for venipuncture because it’s large, accessible, and close to the surface. The radial artery and axillary artery are arteries (not typically used for routine blood draws due to higher pressure), and the ulnar vein is less commonly used in this region compared to the brachial vein.
12.An over-production of cerumen can accumulate in which area?
- In the external ear canals.
- In the nose.
- On the eyelids and eyes.
- On the teeth.
Explanation:
Cerumen, commonly known as earwax, is a waxy substance produced by glands in the external ear canal. Overproduction can lead to accumulation in this area, potentially causing blockages or discomfort.
13.What is the response of cells in the collecting tubules in the nephrons when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted?
- Water is reabsorbed from the urinary filtrate.
- Large quantities of dilute urine are formed.
- Serum potassium retention increases.
- The tubules become impermeable to water.
Explanation:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is released by the pituitary gland to help the body retain water. It acts on the collecting tubules in the nephrons of the kidney, making them more permeable to water. This allows water to be reabsorbed from the urinary filtrate back into the bloodstream, concentrating the urine.
14.Which organ is part of both the male reproductive system and the urinary system?
Explanation:
In males, the urethra serves a dual purpose: it is part of the urinary system, carrying urine from the bladder out of the body, and part of the reproductive system, transporting semen during ejaculation. The epididymis and testis are exclusive to the reproductive system, while the ureter is exclusive to the urinary system (it carries urine from the kidney to the bladder).
15.A sprain occurs when there is a tear in which structure?
Explanation:
A sprain is an injury involving the stretching or tearing of a ligament, which is a band of connective tissue that connects bones to other bones at a joint.
16.A professional boxer gets punched in the nose resulting in a deviated septum. Which bone is most likely to be involved?
- Sella turcica.
Explanation:
The nasal septum is primarily formed by the vomer bone (along with cartilage and part of the ethmoid bone). A deviated septum occurs when this structure is misaligned, often due to trauma like a punch to the nose. The sella turcica is a structure in the sphenoid bone housing the pituitary gland, the calcaneus is the heel bone, and the malleus is a bone in the middle ear—none of these are part of the nasal septum.
17.The calcaneus is located in what part of the body?
Explanation:
The calcaneus is the scientific name for the heel bone, which is located in the foot. It forms the foundation of the rear part of the foot and is the largest tarsal bone. The other options (head, mouth, hand) do not contain the calcaneus.
18.Which stratum of the epidermis is found only in thick skin?
Explanation:
The epidermis has five layers in thick skin (like the palms and soles): stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. The stratum lucidum is a clear, thin layer found only in thick skin, providing extra protection. The other layers (corneum, basale, granulosum) are present in both thick and thin skin.
19.A man has a growth on his skin and a small sample needs to be removed and observed under a microscope. Which procedure will be used?
- PAP smear.
Explanation:
A biopsy is a procedure where a small sample of tissue is removed from the body for examination under a microscope, often to diagnose conditions like skin growths. An autopsy is performed after death, a PAP smear is a specific test for cervical cells, and debridement involves removing dead tissue from wounds—none of these fit the scenario.
20.Where in the human body are the most nutrients absorbed?
- Small intestine.
- Large intestine.
Explanation:
The small intestine is the primary site for nutrient absorption in the human body. Its large surface area (due to villi and microvilli) and length allow for efficient absorption of nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into the bloodstream. The lungs are for gas exchange, the kidney filters blood, and the large intestine mainly absorbs water, not nutrients.
21.Where does digestion begin in the digestive system?
- Oral cavity.
- Small intestine.
Explanation:
Digestion begins in the oral cavity (mouth), where mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemical digestion (enzymes in saliva, like amylase, breaking down starches) start the process. The esophagus transports food, the stomach continues digestion, and the small intestine is primarily for absorption, not the start of digestion.
22.What is the most abundant type of cell in the epidermis?
Explanation:
Keratinocytes are the most abundant cells in the epidermis, making up about 90% of its cells. They produce keratin, a protein that provides strength and protection to the skin. Chondroblasts are involved in cartilage formation, osteocytes are bone cells, and melanocytes produce melanin for pigmentation but are far less numerous than keratinocytes.
23.What contributes to phagocytosis in white blood cells?
- Endoplasmic reticulum.
- Golgi apparatus.
Explanation:
Phagocytosis is the process by which white blood cells engulf and digest pathogens. Lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes, fuse with the phagosome (the vesicle containing the engulfed material) to break down the contents.
24.When assessing a female patient who describes herself as a strict vegetarian, the nurse notes that she has an yellow tone to her skin. The nurse should ask the client if she has eaten large amounts of which foods?
- Rice and eggs.
- Turnips and beets.
- Spinach and mustard greens.
- Carrots and squash.
Explanation:
A yellow tone to the skin in a vegetarian might indicate carotenemia, a condition caused by excessive intake of beta-carotene, a pigment found in large amounts in orange vegetables like carrots and squash.
25.Which process is increased when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated?
- Gastrointestinal activity.
- Uterine activity.
- Pancreatic activity.
- Cardiac output.
Explanation:
The sympathetic nervous system activates the "fight or flight" response, which increases heart rate and contractility, thereby increasing cardiac output to supply more blood to muscles and vital organs.
26.Arrector pili are responsible for which action?
- Increase in skin pigmentation.
- Appearance of goose bumps.
- Production of sweat.
- Acceleration of wrinkling in aging.
Explanation:
Arrector pili are small muscles attached to hair follicles. When they contract (often due to cold or fear), they pull the hair upright, causing the skin to pucker and form goose bumps.
27.What cavity of the heart normally has the thickest wall?
- Right atrium.
- Left atrium.
- Left ventricle.
- Right ventricle.
Explanation:
The left ventricle has the thickest wall because it pumps blood into the systemic circulation, which requires high pressure to overcome the resistance of the entire body’s blood vessels. The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation, which has lower pressure, so its wall is thinner.
28.A client has a large pituitary tumor. The nurse knows that this tumor exists in which part of the body?
Explanation:
The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, within the skull, in a bony structure called the sella turcica. Therefore, a pituitary tumor would be in the head.
29.The distal end of the two bones that articulate with the carpals are broken. Which bones are these?
- Humerus and ulna.
- Humerus and radius.
- Metacarpals and phalanx.
- Ulna and radius.
Explanation:
The carpals are the wrist bones, and the two bones that articulate with them are the radius and ulna, which are the forearm bones. Their distal ends (the ends closer to the wrist) connect to the carpals.
30.What is the function of the thrombocytes?
- Play a role in blood clotting.
- Form connective tissue.
- Transport respiratory gases.
- Defend against infection.
Explanation:
Thrombocytes, also known as platelets, are cell fragments in the blood that play a key role in blood clotting by aggregating at the site of a vessel injury to form a plug and releasing chemicals that promote clotting.
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