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QUESTION
Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Sandy affected a similar number of people in the United States, and emergency services managed to evacuate a similar number of people prior to the storm. The end result, however, in terms of financial, social and human life costs were drastically different.
What contributed to this difference? Consider the PPRR of emergency management.
Please check diagrams in the Module that align with this question
| Subject | Geography | Pages | 3 | Style | APA |
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Answer
When contrasting the government’s reaction to Katrina, its Hurricane Sandy response was a stirring accomplishment, demonstrating several methods the potencies of an all-perils plan when correctly structured, preserved and governed. Boin et al. (2019) indicate that Katrina's all-hazard plan failure demonstrated the lack of emergency infrastructure, resources, and strategies for an instant response. Hence this decelerated the entire response time and compelling a mass migration of displaced persons. Also, Katrina exposed the incompetent leadership by government officials before and post- Katrina. FEMA’s head Michael Brown was inexperienced in emergency management and was ill-equipped and unable to deliver assistance to Katrina’s casualties in a well-timed way. Also, the local and state leaders in New Orleans disregarded warnings of imminent menace until it became a reality. But the lessons learned in Katrina's failures made the government's response to Sandy more competent and organized (Drennan, 2018). From the earliest cautions of Sandy’s looming landfall, Incident Command System (ICS) was used impeccably by government agencies in enabling effective and precise communication (FEMA, 2013).
The local and federal government synchronization with different agencies and community groups saved a lot of time and finances in pre-hurricane and post-storm exertions. Several major cities like NUYC are in danger-prone locations either next to the coast or in flood plains. Hence, governments are accountable for pinpointing such at-risk places and applying adaptive methods to boost the resiliency of these communities to decrease the destructive impact of weather-linked tragedies (Bukvic & Borate, 2020). Hence Sandy exposed that environmental history, eco-friendly design, and policy interlink and work together in several ways when contemplating rebuilding after Sandy (Schmeltz et al., 2013). Hence Sandy exposed several vulnerabilities and mistakes in how people currently live. However, re-evaluating where people live and how they rebuild is a step to increasing resiliency and sustainability via ecological history to apprise organic designs to impact environmental policies (Koslov et al., 2012).
References
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Boin, A., Brown, C., & Richardson, J. A. (2019). Managing Hurricane Katrina: Lessons from a Megacrisis. LSU Press. Bukvic, A., & Borate, A. (2020). Developing coastal relocation policy: lessons learned from the FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grant Program. Environmental Hazards, 1-21. Drennan, L. (2018). FEMA’s fall and redemption—applied narrative analysis. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal. Koslov, L., Merdjanoff, A., Sulakshana, E., & Klinenberg, E. (2021). When rebuilding no longer means recovery: the stress of staying put after Hurricane Sandy. Climatic change, 165(3), 1-21. Schmeltz, M. T., González, S. K., Fuentes, L., Kwan, A., Ortega-Williams, A., & Cowan, L. P. (2013). Lessons from hurricane sandy: a community response in Brooklyn, New York. Journal of urban health, 90(5), 799-809. The United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2013). Hurricane Sandy FEMA After-Action Report. FEMA.
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