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QUESTION
2 peer reviews (275 words each)
peer reviews are based on the OP-ED:
op-ed instruction:
【Read the article
https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-neuralink-brain-chip-put-in-human-within-year-2020-5 (Links to an external site.)and the article
https://thegradient.pub/the-economics-of-ai-today/ (Links to an external site.)In class, we discussed how according to Solow technological progress is the basis for economic growth. Economic development typically transforms human lives in ways that are hard to predict. Artificial Intelligence and advances in technology today are probably very different than the technological advancements from the late 1950’s when Solow was writing.
The articles above describe a new technological development pursued by Elon Musk aimed at increasing the rate we communicate with computers. Essentially he argues that the only way for humans not to become obsolete in the age of AI is to develop a symbiotic relationship. In order to do that, it’s necessary to increase the rate at which we can communicate with computers via the insertion of a microchip in the brain.
The second article discuss more generally the economic implications of the development of AI
Write an Op Ed editorial where you take a position on the future of AI and humanity’s development. Will Musk’s new technological advancement lead to higher living standards? What are the economic implications of AI? The articles are meant to get you started to think about this issue. You can focus your OpEd on Neuralink or more broadly on the issue of economic implications of AI.
Support your position by making an argument based on sound economic reasoning.
AUDIENCE
Your audience is the general reading public. Assume your audience has some education and background in current affairs and understands basic economic concepts, but is not knowledgeable about the details of economic theory or policy. In other words, you’ll need to explain any economic concepts you address in a way that keeps their interest and respects their intelligence.Your audience is not the professor or the TA.
THE ECONOMIST STYLE GUIDE
In order to capture your reader’s interest and respect their intelligence, you will need a catchy title and to write more like a journalist than an academic. The posted writing examples will give you some guidance. To help you further, I am reproducing much of the Style Guide of The Economist Magazine. The Economist is widely recognized as the world standard for economic journalism. The complete Style Guide is at http://www.economist.com/styleguide/introduction. (Links to an external site.)I also recommend you read a few articles in The Economist to get a feel for their writing. Look at the Table of Contents of any issue to get a feel for catchy titles.
The first requirement of The Economist is that it should be readily understandable. Clarity of writing usually follows clarity of thought. So think what you want to say, then say it as simply as possible. Keep in mind George Orwell's elementary rules ("Politics and the English Language", 1946):
Never use a Metaphor, simile or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in
Never use a long word where a short one will
If it is possible to cut out a word, always cut it
Never use the Passive where you can use the
Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word or a Jargon word if you can think of an everyday EnglishReaders are primarily interested in what you have to say. By the way in which you say it you may encourage them either to read on or to give up. If you want them to read on: Do not be stuffy. “To write a genuine, familiar or truly English style”, said Hazlitt, “is to write as anyone would speak in common conversation who had a thorough command or choice of words or who could discourse with ease, force and perspicuity setting aside all pedantic and oratorical flourishes.”
Use the language of everyday speech, not that of spokesmen, lawyers or bureaucrats (so prefer let to permit, people to persons, buy to purchase, colleague to peer, way out to exit, present to gift, rich to wealthy, show to demonstrate, break to violate). Pomposity and long-‐windedness tend to obscure meaning, or reveal the lack of it: strip them away in favour of plain words.
Do not be hectoring or arrogant. Those who disagree with you are not necessarily stupid or insane. Nobody needs to be described as silly: let your analysis show that he is. When you express opinions, do not simply make assertions. The aim is not just to tell readers what you think, but to persuade them; if you use arguments, reasoning and evidence, you may succeed. Go easy on the oughts and shoulds.
…. Do your best to be lucid (“I see but one rule: to be clear”, Stendhal). Simple sentences help. Keep complicated constructions and gimmicks to a minimum, if necessary by remembering the New Yorker's comment: “Backward ran the sentences until reeled the mind.”….
Long paragraphs, like long sentences, can confuse the reader. “The paragraph”, according to Fowler, “is essentially a unit of thought, not of length; it must be homogeneous in subject matter and sequential in treatment.” One-‐sentence paragraphs should be used only occasionally.
Clear thinking is the key to clear writing. “A scrupulous writer”, observed Orwell, “in every sentence that he writes will ask himself at least four questions, thus: What am I trying to say? What words will express it? What image or idiom will make it clearer? Is this image fresh enough to have an effect?
And he will probably ask himself two more: Could I put it more shortly? Have I said anything that is avoidably ugly?”
Scrupulous writers will also notice that their copy is edited only lightly and is likely to be used. It may even be read.
Given the short length of your assignment compared to most academic papers, here are some additional writing tips.
Make your main point early on.
Support each point with evidence, such as a statistic, example, or economic fact.
· Make clear the economic concepts and reasoning on which your argument is based.
With only 1-‐2 pages, you should have 3-‐6 paragraphs. If you have more or fewer paragraphs, you are doing something wrong.】peer review：
In this assignment, you will be asked to read carefully the first draft of the Op-Ed piece written by two other students and provide them with feedback.
The TA’s will review your feedback; they will give you points based on whether your feedback was thoughtful. For each Op Ed you review you get a total of 50 points based on 4 possibilities as follows:Discuss the strength and weaknesses for each assigned Op Ed, with specifics ( 50 points).
Fair attempt but weak, lacking specifics. (30 points)
No real effort (For example: “the paper is great”). (10 points)
If missed the original submission date for first draft of Op Ed, or did not attempt to review. (0 points)Peer review guidelines：
Read the paper once without pausing to write comments. Then read the paper again and answer the following questions. Please copy paste your answers to the questions (including the questions) to the comment sidebar on Canvas (see above).Does the introduction clearly present the writer’s goal? If so, please write the goal of the essay below.
- A strength of this paper is:
- The most important thing you need to work on for next time is:With the rapid development of Artificial Intelligence, more and more fields began to pay attention to AI and try to use AI. In modern society, AI has become a trend which is the inevitable result of the development of the times. AI is a mechanical display of intelligence and the following result is artificial intelligence economy. Artificial intelligence can be applied in various fields, as a "General Purpose Technology" to change the world and influence the economy. For example, Elon Musk led Neuralink, the AI-brain-chip company, plans to implant the chip into the human brain. He believes that humans and artificial intelligence should develop a symbiotic relationship to achieve long-term goals. Economists are also looking at the impact and future of AI economics.
In my opinion, artificial intelligence is the inevitable development of the future, and the development of mankind cannot be separated from artificial intelligence. In the future, AI systems will bring about production and economic reforms. For example, Musk's new technology may only bring a higher standard of living for a small number of people. This new technology requires a long and expensive upfront capital investment. Only a few people may be able to enjoy the benefits of the new technology, such as improved human performance and faster communication with computers. Only the wealthy will be able to afford the high cost of such AI implants. In the short term, this new AI technology is unlikely to be widely adopted and may only be used in specific areas of research. As some economists have described artificial intelligence systems as "prediction machines". AI bring cheaper and faster forecasting and enable decision-making. Artificial intelligence systems make the forecasting process cheaper and faster and enable decision-making.
AI brings new technological changes that alter productivity and change the production process. As the article points out that Jackson and Kanik model the impact of AI on labor and productivity and investment. AI may lead to some degree of unemployment, but it also creates new jobs or increases productivity in new areas. The demand for labor, fewer low-skilled workers, and the concentration of capital in fewer hands leads to economic inequality and even polarization of the labor market.
As mentioned earlier in this article, the premise of AI development is the need for IT infrastructure, skills and investment. The investment includes both tangible and intangible assets. The impact of intangibles on productivity in economics. (more economic theory) The impact of AI varies in different fields. AI brings new rules and requires changes to adapt to changes.
Overall, AI is an inevitable part of the world's development, but it still takes people a long time to experiment and adapt. Because of the complex impact of AI, economists are working hard to create robust models and evidence to clarify the impact of AI and the applications that underpin it. (473 words)
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| Subject | Technology | Pages | 6 | Style | APA |
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Answer
Is Neuralink Technology the Solution?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the use of machines such as computer systems to simulate human intelligence such as learning, reasoning and problem-solving. As the world perceives it, AI will become an integral part in future development. For instance, Elon Musk fosters this idea by creating a brain implant with the purpose to design a brain-to-machine interface. This chip will connect human brains to computer interfaces through AI and solve memory loss, hearing loss, blindness and brain damage.
However, this technology is still new and expensive, and it will require a lot of time for it to be adopted. With its cost being high, only the very rich will be able to afford the brain micro-chip and consequently improving living standards of very few elect. Furthermore, only a few companies could as well afford this technology, especially those in developed countries, leading to performance gap between different companies and organizations as those who will adopt this AI technology adequately, are likely to disproportionately benefit
The Neuralink technology could also lead to a widened gap at the level of individual workers therefore creating income/wealth inequality. The technology could cause job destruction for majority of workers as job demands will shift from repetitive tasks to those that are cognitively driven. Therefore, those job profiles that are characterized by repetitive tasks and require low digital skills could experience a huge decline in the share of total employment. For instance, their share will massively be reduced from 40% to 30% by 2030 (Makridakis, 2017). In the other hand, those that require high digital skills could rise from 40% to 50%, leading to the largest disparity in income and wealth.
Overall, AI is at the core of future development and improvement of living standards. Technological ideas such as that Elon Musk’s will have a greater impact on the economy as forecasting process will be faster and productivity will improve.
References
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Makridakis, S. (2017). The forthcoming Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolution: Its impact on society and firms. Futures , 90, 46-60.