Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography

Answer

1. • 1. Annotated Bibliography

        Introduction

                    The problem of nurse retention has greatly affected the nursing profession. It is due to the fatigue and burnout that is frequently experienced. The research question that the current study seeks to answer is, “What are the causes of nurse burnout and how can schools of nursing prepare their students?”

        Annotated Bibliography

        Adams, A., Hollingsworth, A., & Osman, A. (2019). The implementation of a cultural change toolkit to reduce nursing burnout and mitigate nurse turnover in the emergency department. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 45(4), 452-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2019.03.004

                    The cultural change toolkit has been found to feature elements which may reduce nurse burnout and reduce turnover rates. These elements include those which improve their perception of the practice environment such as meaningful recognition, shared decision making, and even the enhanced leadership involvement.

        Boamah, S., A., Read, E., A., & Spence Laschinger, H., K. (2017). Factors influencing new graduate nurse burnout development, job satisfaction and patient care quality: A time‐lagged study. Journal of Advanced Nursing 73(5), 1182– 1195. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13215

                    Leadership behaviour has been linked to the development of burnout, job satisfaction, and even quality of patient care among graduate nurses. Authentic leadership has been linked to a positive effect on structural empowerment which resulted in reduced short-staffing and work-life balance which affect burnout.

        Cheung, E., Hernandez, A., Herold, E., Moskowitz, J. (2020). Positive Emotion Skills Intervention to Address Burnout in Critical Care Nurses. AACN Adv Crit Care. 31 (2), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.4037/aacnacc2020287

                    Increasing positive emotion is highlighted as one way of reducing burnout among nurses. This positive emotion will enable them to engage in adaptive coping when faced with stressful situations. It has proved successful in other populations, and can be introduced within the nursing profession as well.

        Copeland, D. (2020). Brief Workplace Interventions Addressing Burnout, Compassion Fatigue, and Teamwork: A Pilot Study. Western Journal of Nursing Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945920938048

                    This author identifies the importance of teamwork in dealing with burnout. Interventions such as meditation, journaling, showing gratitude, and going outside were found to be effective. They help with the problem of fatigue that often leads to burnout.

        Dyrbye, L.N., Shanafelt, T.D., Johnson, P.O. et al. (2019). A cross-sectional study exploring the relationship between burnout, absenteeism, and job performance among American nurses. BMC Nurs 18(57). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-019-0382-7

                    In this article, the impact of nurse burnout is assessed. The findings show that nurses who experience burnout are unable to perform their roles as required. That is why they tend to record high rates of absenteeism before eventually turning over their positions.

        Haizlip, J., McCluney, C., & Hernandez, M. et al (2020). Mattering: How Organizations, Patients, and Peers Can Affect Nurse Burnout and Engagement. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 50(5), 267-273. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000000882

                    These authors argue that the higher levels of mattering at work is linked to lower burnout and increased engagement levels. When the perception of mattering at work is promoted, lower levels of burnout are experienced. Therefore, it is important to promote mattering among the workers.

        Jackson, J., Vandall-Walker, V., & Vanderspank-Wright, B. et al. (2018). Burnout and resilience in critical care nurses: A grounded theory of Managing Exposure. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 48, 28-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2018.07.002

                    Burnout and resilience are good indicators of workplace adversity. This adversity tends to impact nurses negatively. The professionals must be aware of this impact before it can be managed effectively. Various techniques such as protecting, decontaminating, and distancing have been identified for addressing workplace adversity. Nurse leaders need to intervene and consider measures to reduce workplace adversity and support resilience among the nurse professionals.

        Liu, X., Zheng, J., Liu, K., Baggs, J., Liu, J., Wu, Y., & You, L. (2018). Hospital nursing organizational factors, nursing care left undone, and nurse burnout as predictors of patient safety: A structural equation modeling analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 86, 82-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.05.005

                    The better work environment has been linked to better patient safety. When the workload is low, better patient safety was experienced. However, when the workload was too much, nurses would leave care undone and nurse burnout would occur, thereby impacting patient safety.

        Nantsupawat, A., Nantsupawat, R., Kunaviktikul, W., Turale, S. and Poghosyan, L. (2016), Nurse Burnout, Nurse‐Reported Quality of Care, and Patient Outcomes in Thai Hospitals. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 48: 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12187

                    These authors argue that nurse burnout is linked with the increased chances of experiencing negative patient outcomes. Therefore, to improve patient care in hospitals, it is necessary that interventions meant to address nurse burnout are implemented.

        Naves, S. (2016). Evidence-based recommendations to address nurse burnout: A best practice approach. The University of Arizona.

                    This author argues that there are certain determinants and interventions that may reduce or prevent nurse burnout. The nurse students can be approached with a presentation to showcase the techniques that can be used to prevent and address burnout. They will be able to practice the examples once they get employment.

        Nelson, K. (2017). Nurse Manager Perceptions of Work Overload and Strategies to Address It. Nurse Leader, 15(6), 406-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mnl.2017.09.009

                    Nurse Managers need to have a sense of control over decisions being made in the workplace. They need to feel adequate in the job positions so that job satisfaction is also promoted. This shows that nurses need to be involved in decision making processes so that they can feel appreciated in the workplace, thereby promoting their retention.

        Virkstis, K., Herleth, A., & Langr, M. (2018). Cracks in the Foundation of the Care Environment Undermine Nurse Resilience. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 48(12), 597-599. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000000687

                    Before meaningful change can be experienced with regards to nurse burnout, the leaders must first address some of the factors within the healthcare environment that tend to undermine nurse resilience. These authors argue that it is important for leaders to fcus on the environment first, before moving on to the individual nurses. That is because the environment is what impacts their attitudes and behaviour.

        Wampole, D., M., & Bressi, S. (2020) Exploring a social work lead mindfulness-based intervention to address burnout among inpatient psychiatric nurses: a pilot study. Social Work in Health Care. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2020.1827123

                    Workplace stressors are linked to factors such as staffing shortages and interpersonal conflicts between patients and workmates. However, a social work lead mindfulness-based intervention has been found to reduce burnout triggers. That is because the emotional triggers are regulated in the workplace.

        White, E., M., Aiken, L., H., & McHugh, M., D. (2019). Registered Nurse Burnout, Job Dissatisfaction, and Missed Care in Nursing Homes. J Am Geriatr Soc, 67, 2065-2071. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16051

                    When registered nurses experience burnout and job dissatisfaction, the result is often missed nursing care. This is due to the unavailability of resources. However, to enhance patient care and nurse retention, it is recommended that the work environments need to be improved.

        White, E., M., Aiken, L., H., Sloane, D., M., & McHugh, M., D. (2020). Nursing home work environment, care quality, registered nurse burnout and job dissatisfaction. Geriatric Nursing, 41(2), 158-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2019.08.007

                    These authors note that there is a relationship between work environment, quality of care, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction. They compare nurses who work in good work environments with poor working environment. These results mean that the work environment is important for any interventions that will ensure quality care improvements and nurse retention.

        Conclusion

                    It is evident that nurse burnout can be addressed by focusing on the work environment. These resources will be used in the current research to act as a foundation of proving the current problem and offering various recommendations to help reduce fatigue and burnout.