Answer

Motor Behavior

            Motor programs refer to abstract representation of movements which centrally control as well as organize numerous degrees of freedom involved in the performance of actions. The signals conveyed via the afferent and efferent conduits enable the central nervous system (CNS) to predict, guide, and plan movement. The existence of motor programs has been backed by an array of evidences as discussed below.

Existence of Motor Equivalence

First, the existence of motor equivalence explains the existence of motor program, that is, the ability to perform a similar action in different ways, for example, using same muscles or different muscles under different settings (Mattos, ., Kuhl, Scholz, & Latash, 2013). Notably, the above advocates that a general code which specify the final outcome exists and is translated into certain muscle actions sequences.

Possibility of Movement Even without Feedback

            Secondly, movement is probable even without getting feedback from the moving limb. It has been established that acceleration and velocity of feed-forward movements, for example, reaching a particular place is proportional to target distance.

Experiments on Animals

The third evidence involves experimentation on humans and animals in which feedback was removed (Schmidt et al., 2018). An experiment done on a monkey showed that the monkey had learnt pointing at a target light even if the sensory information was removed from it as a result of a surgery.

Reaction Time in Humans

The fourth evidence involves studies of reaction time in human. This encompasses time between the “go” signals and the movement commencement (Nonnekes et al., 2014). It was established that the reaction time can increase with the complexity of movement. This suggests that movement is planned or intended in advance. The above evidences show that motor programs exist in both humans and animals.