QUESTION
Skill # 27
This skill will require you to reconstitute vaccines, administer drugs and vaccines, and recognize normal versus abnormal responses to vaccines. Upon completion of this skill, you will be able to fill, label, and dispense medications as well as direct clients on medication usage. You will also be competent in administering vaccines to canine and feline patients.
Tips for materials required for submission:
A description of five common medications used, with the appropriate methods and routes of administration.
You should indicate the classification of the medication. Is it is an antibiotic, steroid, NSAID etc.
Give a brief indication of its use.
Indicate all of the routes that the medication can be administered. Some have more than one.
If it is an oral administration, indicate if it needs to be given with food, on an empty stomach, etc.
A description of 5 commonly used vaccines and their preparation and administration.
Discuss what the vaccine protects or vaccinates against.
If the vaccine needs to be reconstituted describe the process of how this is done.
What quantity is drawn up and administered to the patient.
The route of administration.
A description of adverse reactions to vaccines, including:
The clinical signs of a vaccine reaction.
How soon a reaction will appear.
Breeds that may be more prone to having a reaction.
Vaccines that are more likely to cause a reaction.
Anaphylaxis
| Subject | Nursing | Pages | 6 | Style | APA |
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Answer
Pharmacology
Commonly Used Drugs
- Azithromycin
- Classification
Azithromycin is a broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic.
- Indications
The drug used to treat respiratory infections, enteric infections, and genito-urinary infections (Mary L, 2020). These include acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by bacteria, acute bacterial sinusitis, pharyngitis, community-acquired pneumonia, urethritis and cervicitis and, genital ulcers.
- Routes of administration
Oral route
For tablets and liquids, absorption is not affected by food and so can be taken both with food and on an empty stomach. However, capsules should be taken an hour before meals or two hours after meals.
Intravascular
- Metformin
- Classification
It is a biguanide—an anti-hyperglycemic agent.
- Indications
It is an insulin sensitizer that leads to a decrease in insulin resistance, and therefore, used to treat high blood glucose levels in type II diabetes without causing hypoglycemia. It is the drug of choice for obese type II diabetes.
- Routes of administration
Oral route.
Though the absorption of metformin is affected by food, it should be taken with meals to reduce stomach and bowel side effects.
- Omeprazol
- Classification
Omeprazol is a proton-pump inhibitor used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- Indications
- Treatment of active duodenal ulcers.
- Treatment of erosive esophagitis due to GERD.
- Eradication of Helicobacter pylori that predisposes to peptic ulcer disease.
- Treatment of active benign gastric ulcer in adults.
- Routes of Administration
Oral route.
Should be taken before meals for optimal control of gastric acidity.
- Amlodipine
- Classification
Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension.
- Indications
- Hypertension
- Coronary artery disease
- Chronic Stable angina
- Vasospastic angina
- Route of administration
Oral route.
Amlodipine can either be taken with food or on an empty stomach.
- Simvastatin
- Classification
Simvastatin is a lipid-lowering drug—a hydroxymethylyglutaryl-coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) inhibitor.
- Indications
- First-line agent for dyslipidemia
- Primary dyslipidemia
- Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
- Primary dysbetalipoproteinemia
- Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
- Route of administration
Oral route.
Should be taken on an empty stomach
Commonly Used Vaccines
- Varicella Vaccine
Varicella vaccine is a live-attenuated vaccine indicated against Varicella (Chickenpox). The vaccine is administered via subcutaneous injection of the deltoid region or the anterolateral thigh (Marin et al., 2016). Approximately 0.5ml dose is administered. For the vaccine to be reconstituted, first withdraw the total volume of the sterile diluent into the syringe and then inject all the volume of the withdrawn vaccine into a vial of lyophilized vaccine and agitate gently for a thorough mixture. Finally, withdraw the content into the syringe and inject subcutaneously about 0.5 ml, then discard the vial. The clinical signs of the vaccine reaction are usually mild. The symptoms of a severe allergic reaction may include difficulty breathing, increased heart rate, swelling of the face and throat, dizziness, and weakness. The symptoms usually occur some minutes to hours after vaccine administration.
- Influenza Vaccine
The influenza vaccine is an inactivated vaccine that is administered intramuscularly. It is indicated against the flu virus. Approximately 0.5 ml is administered. The vaccine vial is reconstituted using the entire sterile water content for inhalation that is supplied with the vaccine. The clinical reaction of the vaccine includes swelling, redness, headache, and soreness that takes place a few minutes to hours after the vaccine is administered.
- Hepatitis B Vaccine
Hepatitis B vaccine is an inactivated purified vaccine that is administered to prevent infection from the Hepatitis B virus. The vaccine is administered intramuscularly at the deltoid region of the upper arm. Pediatrics formulation is about 0.5 ml, while the adult formulation is 1.0 ml. The adverse reactions include dizziness, anaphylaxis at the injection site, and headache. The symptoms may occur a few minutes to several hours after injection.
- DTaP Vaccine.
DTaP vaccine is contains inactivated forms of the bacterial toxins, indicated against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. The vaccine is administered intramuscularly at the deltoid region of the upper arm. Dose formulations are given in a 0.5ml dose. The clinical signs of vaccine reactions include headache, dizziness, swelling, and redness.
- HPV Vaccine
It is a non-recombinant vaccine created from purified viral particles, indicated for the prevention of infection by the human papillomavirus that causes cervical cancer and head and neck tumors (Gemma, 2018). The vaccine is administered intramuscularly on the deltoid region of the upper arm. The dose formulations are given in a 0.5 ml dose. Adverse reactions include headache, dizziness, swelling, and redness.
Common breeds most prone to vaccine reactions include pug, Boston terrier, Miniature Pinscher, and Dachshund.
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References
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Hancock, G., Hellner, K., & Dorrell, L. (2018). Therapeutic HPV vaccines. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 47, 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.09.008
Marin, M., Marti, M., Kambhampati, A., Jeram, S. M., & Seward, J. F. (2016). Global Varicella Vaccine Effectiveness: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 137(3), e20153741. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3741
Vo, M. L. (2020). Commonly Used Drugs for Medical Illness and the Nervous System. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology, 26(3), 716. https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000000854