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- QUESTION
Just five short answers about philosophy
At least 50 words per question, I am not sure, please complete the problem content completely.
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Answer
Philosophical Propositions
- Explain what Moore means by the ‘method of common sense’ in philosophy. What philosophical significance does Moore attach to what he calls the ‘proposition of common sense’?
George Edward Moore argued against idealism and instead advocated for the ‘method of common sense’. According to Moore, people’s common sense is very reliable in interpreting certain truths. More means that there are certain things that we know for certain which makes them true and the people around us also know them for certain. More refers to our knowledge of these truisms as ‘common sense’ (Bhaskar, 2016). Moore’s ‘proposition of common sense’ is important to his argument because it shows that our view of the world is correct as long as it is within common sense.
- Explain the ‘picture theory’ of meaning and truth as it is developed by Wittgenstein in the
The picture theory of truth attempts to explain the relationship between language and the world. In the Tractatus, Wittgenstein argues that logic is necessary but insufficient in describing reality and therefore our language is a reflection of our reality. In short, the theory argues that we can in order to understand meaning and truth; we must picture reality through propositions.
- Consider the sentence ‘Wittgenstein was wise’ as it occurs in the following complex sentence about what Adam believes: Adam believes that Wittgenstein was wise. Explain why, for Frege, the sentence ‘Wittgenstein was wise’ as it occurs in the above sentence does not have its customary referent (a truth-value) but instead refers to its customary sense.
The above sentence refers to its customary sense because the meaning of the sentence can be grasped by anyone who understands the language (English). However, the sentence does not have its customary value because it does not prove that Wittgenstein was indeed wise.
- According to Russell, the singular proposition that Russell is wise is a proposition that has Russell himself as an immediate constituent (the other constituent is something like the property or universal of being wise). Using Russell’s notion of acquaintance, explain why Russell held that none of us is now capable of believing that singular proposition.
According to Russell’s notion of ‘acquaintance” we must be directly acquainted with something in order to truly have knowledge of it. For example, we cannot claim to understand pain that we have not felt. Therefore, according to Russell we cannot believe that “Russell is wise” because we have not directly experienced it (Uzquiano, 2015).
- Explain what Wittgenstein means in saying that philosophical propositions are non-sensical.
Wittgenstein means refers to philosophical propositions as ‘non-sensical’ because they do not give a logical picture of facts. He feels that most philosophical propositions do not hold any sense as they do not have a name meaning and pose questions that cannot be answered logically (Smith, 2019). In other words, he feels that they are nonsense.
References
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Smith, D. W. (2019). 4 Sense and Literality. Deleuze and Guattari's Philosophy of Freedom: Freedom’s Refrains.
Bhaskar, R. (2016). Enlightened common sense: The philosophy of critical realism. Routledge.
Uzquiano, G. (2015). A neglected resolution of Russell’s paradox of propositions. The Review of Symbolic Logic, 8(2), 328-344.
Appendix
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Appendix A:
Communication Plan for an Inpatient Unit to Evaluate the Impact of Transformational Leadership Style Compared to Other Leader Styles such as Bureaucratic and Laissez-Faire Leadership in Nurse Engagement, Retention, and Team Member Satisfaction Over the Course of One Year
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