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QUESTION
Title:
Promoting Health: assessing and addressing health needs of obestity in children
Paper Details
primary articles based in the uk only
-- REPORT 3,200 WORDS (+ / - 10%) in 2 parts
Learning Outcome 1: Demonstrate ability to gather and critically evaluate appropriate health information from a variety of sources, and apply relevant theoretical perspectives
in order to interpret this to identify a health need for a specific population (part one)Learning Outcome 2: Demonstrate insight into the contested nature of health and health promotion, and how these debates impact on working to promote health (prioritising health need , selecting relevant aims and objectives, relative effectiveness of approaches)
Learning Outcome 3: Demonstrate problem-solving abilities and critical awareness of health promotion theories by designing a strategy to tackle a health promotion need (the strategy)
Part one: Assessing health needs.
Identify and prioritise the health needs of a specific population group, by applying theories of health needs (approximately 40% of the wordage)
Part two: Addressing health needs.
Design a strategic proposal for health promotion to address the prioritized health need, utilizing health promotion theories and principles.
How to write the assignment:
Give your work a title: “Health needs of (name of your group)”.
Use the headings below to structure your work:
Part one:
Background (150 words)
A concise background that justifies why this group needs attention, with epidemiological data showing they experience poorer health / health inequalities/ are more at risk of unhealthy behaviour). Use Office of National Statistics, Department of Health, WHO data, or other official body.
As this is a report, there is no need for an overview, such as “this report will …etc”
Identifying Health Needs
Find 3 research studies into the health needs of your group. (At least one study needs to cover the group's views on their own health needs).
Use the studies to complete the table below.
Title, year
(give a hyperlink to the study)
Methodology (primary/secondary, qualitative / quantitative)
Approach to needs assessment
Findings (bullet points only)
(=the health needs)
1. e.g. Health and Health needs of runaway and homeless youth (1992) (NB: link to the complete text, not just the abstract as here, and this is too dated to be used)
e.g. primary quantitative, epidemiological approach
2.
3.
Then analyse these needs by applying the health needs theories of Maslow, Seedhouse, Doyal and Gough.
e.g. “X need can be linked to the ….. aspect of A's theory, which shows that …. also the b aspect of B's theory and the C level of D's theory. Etc.
(use your own wording).
Prioritising the health needs
Identify the most significant unmet need, with a rationale to justify why this is the most important. You need to name the type of need it was, applying Bradshaw (i.e how was the need identified, who identified it)
Think also about: which level of Maslow's hierarchy, the social determinants of health, which need appears in all the studies.
End this section with a clear prioritised health need. “The prioritised health need is...”
Part two: A Strategy to Address the Health Needs
Aim and objectives. Give one clear AIM, and three or four different types of SMART objectives, to address the prioritised health need. Name the type.
e.g. AIM: to …
Objective 1. (type)
Objective 2. (type), etc
1. Health Promotion Activities.
2. Use Beattie’s model of health promotion approaches to structure your strategy, justifying each activity by reference to the underpinning health promotion theories, models, principles, paradigms, research, policy, examples of practice.
3. Comment on the relative value of each approach: which are most likely to improve health, and why.
4. e.g.
5. Health Persuasion
6. Activity a. e.g. Group work
7. Description: This will be based in the (setting), facilitated initially by (personnel), then ...( a few words on how the activity is delivered).
8. Justification: This is included because ….. (e.g.) x model/theory/ suggests that.... ; the activity is guided by y principle which emphases .. A's research shows this activity is valuable for …., using the specific techniques used in B's practice/ C policy.
9. Do the same for Legislative Action, Community Development, Personal Counselling
10. NB:This is the most important part, where you show you understand health promotion theory and can use it to plan a coherent, creative strategy that will improve health.
Resources
Briefly outline the types of resources you will use, including the communication skills, with rationale. Keep any detail and lists for the appendices.
1. Evaluation.
2. Describe and justify the types and methods of evaluation you plan to use. State also when, where and how the evaluation will take place, who will conduct it.
Action plan
Complete a Gantt chart for planning the activities of the whole strategy, identifying who does what and when.
No need for a conclusion, as it is a report.
End with a short statement of the grade you expect to get, and why (this is not included in the wordcount)
Finish with references and appendices.
Things to consider:
You need to make decisions at each stage, all of which need to be consistent, e.g. the activities need to fit with the aim, the evaluation with the objectives, etc.
Keep in mind the purpose of health promotion
| Subject | Nursing | Pages | 20 | Style | APA |
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Answer
Health Needs of Obese Children
Part 1:
Background
Childhood obesity remains a concern and a complex health issue in the UK. Obese in children occur when the child is above their normal weight for their height and age. Obesity is a health challenge in the 21st century with prevalence having tripled across nations in the World Health Organization (WHO) European regions since 1980s. The numbers of affected is continuously increasing raising an alarm. According to WHO 1 out of 3 children aged between the ages of 6-9 years in EU is either overweight or obese. This represents an increase from the 2008 statistics when 1 out of 4 children was either obese or overweight. Most of the obese children have higher chances of remaining in similar condition in their adulthood. Obesity ferments many health risks such as high cholesterol and blood pressure pausing risk factors to contract cardiovascular diseases, (CVD), type 2 diabetes due to impaired glucose tolerance that increased insulin resistant
Health Needs
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Article |
Methodology |
Findings |
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1. The views of young children in the UK about obesity, body size, shape and weight: a systematic review, (2011) https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-11-188 |
Systematic review of qualitative and quantitative research |
ü Body size has social impact ü Children with greater weight experiences abuse and isolation ü Body size is controllable by individual ü Overweight people attract negative attributes ü Some children were anxious about their shape ü Body size attracts judgement, discrimination, hence social problem ü Desirable and acceptable bodies are more liner –both by male and female ü Embodied experiences depicted the tendency for the children to assess their body sizes ü Body size and satisfaction with body size varies among the gender. |
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ü Since 1971 prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing in developing countries ü In Europe, prevalence of obesity in Scandinavian countries is lower compared to Mediterranean countries, however proportion of obese children keeps on rising ü Developing countries are also experiencing increase in obese children ü Obese cases higher in girls compared to boys ü In Saudi Arabia, 1 out of 6 children aged 6 to 18 years is obese ü Major causes of child obesity include lifestyle preferences, environmental factors, and cultural factors. ü Factors such as caloric increase and fat intake, intake of excessive sugar, decline and physical activity contributed greatly to obese across the world. ü Prevention is adoption of primary strategies such as checking on diet and doing exercise ü Intervention strategies to focus on children as target through schools, preschools, afterschool care services settings to influence their diet and physical activity. ü Most of the causes of obesity among children include personal behaviours and genetics. ü Eating high calories, low nutrient beverages and foods, lack of physical activity, medication use, sedimentary activities such as watching TV and sleeping choices impact on their weight. ü Risk factors associated with obese include, joint and musculoskeletal discomfort, breathing problems such as sleep apnea and asthma, fatty liver diseases such as gasto-esophageal reflux, gallstones. ü Other risk factors related to psychology are depression and anxiety, low self-esteem, and social problems such as stigma and bullying. |
Qualitative |
ü Since 1971 prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing in developing countries ü In Europe, prevalence of obesity in Scandinavian countries is lower compared to Mediterranean countries, however proportion of obese children keeps on rising ü Developing countries are also experiencing increase in obese children ü Obese cases higher in girls compared to boys ü In Saudi Arabia, 1 out of 6 children aged 6 to 18 years is obese ü Major causes of child obesity include lifestyle preferences, environmental factors, and cultural factors. ü Factors such as caloric increase and fat intake, intake of excessive sugar, decline and physical activity contributed greatly to obese across the world. ü Prevention is adoption of primary strategies such as checking on diet and doing exercise ü Intervention strategies to focus on children as target through schools, preschools, afterschool care services settings to influence their diet and physical activity. ü Most of the causes of obesity among children include personal behaviours and genetics. ü Eating high calories, low nutrient beverages and foods, lack of physical activity, medication use, sedimentary activities such as watching TV and sleeping choices impact on their weight. ü Risk factors associated with obese include, joint and musculoskeletal discomfort, breathing problems such as sleep apnea and asthma, fatty liver diseases such as gasto-esophageal reflux, gallstones. ü Other risk factors related to psychology are depression and anxiety, low self-esteem, and social problems such as stigma and bullying. |
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ü A third of 10 year old children are obese in England ü It is estimated that half will be obese by 2020 ü Children born in 1980s are 3 times likely to be obese compared to older generation by the age of 10 ü One in ten enter school while obese and two in ten leave the primary school obese ü Obese children grow into adulthood obese ü In UK one in five years old is obese and one in three in 10 year old children are obese ü In most deprived areas children of all ages are twice likely to be obese compared to those in least deprived areas ü Obesity prevalent is slightly higher in urban compared to rural areas ü Half of children aged seven years do not meet the physical activity threshold target recommended by Chief Medical Officer. ü Children from obese mothers have substantial risk of having obese children and vice versa ü Many parents estimated a third do not recognise obese children ü Current children have short lifespan ü Obesity increases the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes and bowel cancer. ü Government of UK spends average £6 billion yearly in medical costs relating to treatment of obesity and further £10 billion on diabetes ü Obesity prevention programme costs UK less that £638 million yearly. Analysis of Health Needs Nursing theories provide a background to understand the different health needs of children with obese, hence providing appropriate measures to manage the same. Some of the theories that that can be of value in analysing the helath needs of children with obese is Seedhouse, Maslow and Doyal and Gough. Various health needs can be linked to the Abraham Maslow Needs theory. Obese children require physiological needs such as food, water and clothing as Maslow suggests in his list of needs (Yalch & Brand, 1996). Access to food once guaranteed, it becomes important that parents ensure that the food is health for consumption. The diet should have low amounts of calories and fats. Many children with obese is a result of access to poor quality food and exposure to high level of sugary drinks (Karnik & Kanekar, 2012). This is tied closely to the safety needs that fall at the second strata on Maslow’s pyramid. Children require security in terms of their body, and health. Children have to monitor their body weights to avoid becoming obese. This is a responsibility of parents. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) (2015) study established that parents have a big role on the child health. They have an obligation to ensure that their children are health through provision of healthy food, allowing them to engage in the physical activity and attending frequent examinations to measure and track their Body Mass Index. Similar, the society has a role in formulating laws and regulations that would help bolster safety and health of the children. Laws on advertisement of fast foods also laws that prohibit sale of unsafe foods need application to promote the safety, health of the children. Similarly, love and belonging needs are required in addressing the health of the obese children. Most at times, children with obesity face society backlash through discrimination and ridicule. This affects their self-esteem and even impacts on their studies in a negative way. The parents, fellow children and the community should instead of ridiculing children should offer them guidance and support to regain their normal weight. Self-esteem is also a very critical need that Maslow identified. Children with obese most often lack confidence, because of their body sizes. They lack respect from others who perceive them in bad light because of their body structures. There is need to ensure that the needs of children with obese are met and this is possible if individuals, professionals, health expertise pursue self actualization needs by investing in creativity and problem solving techniques aimed at addressing the challenge. Studies indicate continued increase in obsess access in UK whereby it has been reported that half of the children will be obese by 2020 (Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), 2015). In addition, the health and safety needs of children with obesity can be viewed from the Doyal and Gough’s Needs theory (Doyal & Gough, 1984). Obese children require basic health needs and cognitive autonomous needs for them to live (Gough, 1994). To restore the health and safety of these children, sometimes it would require going beyond some of the constraints of culture that limit choices people make. Some of the cultural practices and behaviours must be avoided for the safety of the children (Karnik & Kanekar, 2012). Laws are required and banning of certain advertisements on media is encouraged to guarantee health safety of the children. To make informed choices these three attributes are critical, mental health, opportunities to participate in social issues and cognitive thinking skills. Society has to stand against behaviours or practices that go against securing the health of the children. To satisfy these autonomous needs, Doyal and Gough have identified intermediate needs that are critical to promoting health of the children (Doyal & Gough, 1991). These children would require adequate nutritional food and water, accessibility to health care, would need conducive physical environments, physical security, and education on the kind of food they should take. Likewise, David Seedhouse theory aims at addressing the health needs of individuals, children with obesity included. People are equal and there should be social justice to expand autonomy (Sy & Kessel, 2005). Promotion of health of children rest upon every individual and the society also attained through provision of basic needs, education and good environment. Children have a right to health and nutritious food, they have a right to know the health implication of their weight and the community has a role in promoting health and safe practices that foster better health and wellbeing of the children (Seedhouse, 2001). Prioritizing Health Needs Prioritizing health needs for the children with obesity is important in informing the most suitable approaches and strategies to deal. Bradshaw has developed four types of social needs that are important in helping prioritizing and advancing proper health care management (Bradshaw, 1972). Normative needs are absolute and may have different standards laid down. Felt needs are those perceived by individuals and only limited to the knowledge and perception of individuals such as feeling of tiredness, headache etc. The third type of needs is the expressed or demanded needs, which are turned into action such as visiting a medical doctor (Bradshaw, 1972). Last is the comparative needs identified through comparison of services accessible other individuals or groups. Based on Bradshaw needs model, the most significant unmet needs in the target population is the awareness on the best preventive strategies to avoid increasing cases of obesity (Bradshaw, 1972). The needs fall under category of demanded needs. These needs have been identified through various studies and researches that have indicated increasing number of children becoming obese. This is the most important need because; it cuts across all the other issues surrounding health challenges (Sy & Kessel, 2005). If society is informed, it is able to make informed decisions that would help alleviate the risk associated with obesity among children. For instance, easy accessibility of these products, advertisements, cultural practice, environment, lifestyles and many other factors contribute to these challenge among the children. It therefore requires concerted efforts across whole society to ensure that the health of the children is safeguarded. Ethical theories such as moral virtue, utilitarianism comes in handy in promoting morals in the way we make our decisions as a society (Koçyiğit & Karadağ, 2016). Developing and running adverts on media of foods that are not of nutritious value indicates the extent of society’s moral decay and lack of responsibility in promoting health among our children. Therefore, the stakeholders have a responsibility, which can be addressed through identifying the specific aims and objectives of their children health. Parents have a role to ensure that children do not gain access to foods with poor nutritious value. The government has a duty to ban adverts that promote unhealthy foods. Laws and regulation need enforcement in the food industry to ensure quality and safe food production. There is also need for continued education aimed at creating awareness to the members of the public concerning the effects of consuming unhealthy foods. The risk threat of obese should clearly communicate to the members of the public to inform their decision making when it comes to the kind of foodstuffs they use. These approaches will help address the challenges that the society is undergoing. The cost of medication and running programmes is also high. In the long run, people adopting to better foods will help improve the health and wellbeing of the society. Life expectancy of the members of public will definitely increase, as deaths related to obesity will decline. Similarly, different school of thoughts and theories of health serve the purpose of providing insights on the way forward in ensuring wellbeing and health of the people. The theory of Maslow provides a better understanding of various health needs for children suffering from obesity. The needs have been classified from physiological to self-actualization all aimed with the purpose of promoting better health among the children. For instance, physiological needs which includes, access to basic needs is critical to sustaining live of the children. The physiological needs level cuts across all the theories. Having food is the first ticket to live. Without food, the concept of life is invalid. However, the food has to be nutritious to limit its side effects on the health of the children. The other school of thoughts developed, are purposely focusing on the best practices that would protect health of the children. Some require involvement of entire members of the society in ensuring that these needs are met. Understanding the whole problem, the genesis and the factors contributing to the same and the appropriate measures or strategies to deal has become critical especially with the number of cases increasing every year. The reasons behind this increase can be addressed by trying to establish where the gaps are. The prioritized health need is improve knowledge about obesity among children. A Strategy to Address the Health Needs The aim is to increase awareness program across the countries in Europe on risks related to obesity among children Objectives Objectives have to be SMART; specific, measurable, attainable, and realistic and time bound. The objectives include: Objective 1: To educate parents through mainstream and social media on the risks related with child obesity within 2 months Objective 2: To create awareness through schools on the impacts of child obesity in two months Objective 3: To sensitize the members of community on the best food choices and the need to promote physical activities for their children Objective 4: To sensitize the members of the public across different nations in UK on their rights to access to nutritious foods and on fake adverts promoting unhealthy food products. Health promotion activities These activities include construction and development of messages directed to the members of public and the target audience-children with obesity
Beattie’s model of health promotion approaches is important point of reference in ensuring that this strategy is achieved (NHS. (2014). The model has two dimensions; focus of intervention and modes of intervention. Paradigms focus can be either individual or collective whereas mode of intervention can be either authoritative or negotiated (NHS. (2014). In this promotion strategy, negotiation is the mode of to bring on board other community members and as well will be authoritative incorporating legislative actions such as lobbying and agitation for social change in the way adverts are aired. Similarly, health persuasion will be key to help in persuading people on the need to change their eating/consumption habits. In health persuasion, one of the activities will be pass information about foodstuffs that pose risk to the health of children. This will be achieved through mainstream media and social media. A captivating media advert will be aired during prime time hours informing and warning people about the health risks associated with consumption of certain food products, which have high calories and fats. Use of this approach is justified as explained by agenda setting theory that states that media sets the agenda by providing a basis for people to discuss about an event. The message will help the audiences to re-evaluate their eating habits with the quest of improving their health and that of their children. Furthermore, the advert fulfils Maslow’s need theory on ensuring health and safety of the people. Personal counselling is yet another focus of intervention this promotion will adopt. In this, the activity will include school going children. This will be done in preschools, schools and after school care as a way of empowering the children. These are the most affected because; they rely on their parents to buy foodstuffs. Ensuring that they are aware about the food they eat will enable them to embrace new lifestyles. Therefore, as the Doyal and Gough needs theory postulates, they will demand nutritious foodstuffs that will prevent them from becoming obese and increasing their risks to suffer from other related ailments such as diabetes. Community development is also important mode of negotiated intervention strategy to employ in promoting the health needs of children with obesity. The activity is to select community representatives who will be instrumental in spreading the message in quest to influence the rest to change their eating behaviours. This strategy is justifiable because, many people will be accessed also help root out some cultural factors that deter adoption of changes as Doyal and Gough theory postulates. Legislative action remains key in achievement of this strategy. Consideration and reviewing of laws will have to take place especially when it comes to advertisement regulations to ensure that the strategy becomes success. Social changes have to take place for society to achieve and enjoy healthy lifestyles. This authoritative mode of intervention requires collaboration with other stakeholders to make it fruitful. Resources For the strategy to achieve its objectives, it would require huge resources. Example of resources include, human capital, financial aids, community members, and the stakeholders including, children, parents, board of governors of school, media houses, government support among others. Proper communication channels have to be established to ensure the right message reaches the right person at the right time. Evaluation Both formative and summative evaluation methods will apply. The program will be evaluated during its development to make any changes or improvements to refine or improve if need be (CDC, 2017). Similarly, summative evaluation will be done and this will be conducted at the end of the program to determine its effectiveness. The impact of the program will also be evaluated to determine whether the program met the desired objectives and aim. Action plan The action plan of the entire strategy is presented in the Gantt chart below;
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References
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Bradshaw J. (1972). “A taxonomy of social need.” in McLachlan G (ed.) Problems and progress in medical care. Seventh series NPHT/Open University Press. CDC. (2017). Types of Evaluation. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/std/Program/pupestd/Types%20of%20Evaluation.pdf Dehghan, M., Akhtar-danesh, n., & Merchant, A. (2005). Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention. Nutrition Journal, Retrieved from: https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-4-24 Doyal, L., & Gough, I. (1991). A Theory of Human Need, New York: Guilford. Doyal, L., & Gough, I. (1984). A theory of human needs. Retrieved from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/026101838400401002 Gough, I. (1994). Economic Institutions and the Satisfaction of Human Needs. Journal of Economic Issues. 28, 1 (March 9), 25–66 Gov. Uk. (2017). Childhood obesity: a plan for action. Retrieved from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/childhood-obesity-a-plan-for- action/childhood-obesity-a-plan-for-action Karnik, S., & Kanekar, A. (2012). Childhood Obesity: A Global Public Health Crisis, International journal of Preventive medicine, 3(1): 1-7. Koçyiğit, M., & Karadağ, E. (2016). Developing an Ethical Tendencies Scale Based on the Theories of Ethics. Turkish Journal Of Business Ethics, 9(2), 297-307. doi:10.12711/tjbe.2016.9.0016 NHS. (2014). Models of health promotion. Retrieved from: www.ivoryresearch.com/writers/steph-garside-ivory-research-writer/ Rees, R., Oliver, K., Woodman, J., & Thomas, J. (2011).The views of young children in the UK about obesity, body size, shape and weight: a systematic review, BMC Public Health. Retrieved from https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-11-188 Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH). (2015).Tackling England’s childhood obesity. Retrieved from: https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/system/files/protected/news/Obesity%20Summit%20report %20FINAL.pdf Seedhouse, D. (2001). Health: The Foundations for Achievement, 2nd Edition, ISBN: 978-0- 471-49011-1 Sy, J., & Kessel, A. (2005). Health Promotion: Philosophy, Prejudice and Practice. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 98(3), 132-133. Yalch, R., & Brand, F. (1996). Need Hierarchies in Consumer Judgments of Product Designs: Is It Time to Reconsider Maslow's Theory?. Advances In Consumer Research, 23(1), 405-410.
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