Quality management questions

Answer

Quality Management Questions

Competency 3016.1.1: Quality Management Methods (Chapters 5 & 6)

• Describe total quality management philosophy

Total Quality Management (TQM) is described as a comprehensive system for attaining constant enhancement in customer satisfaction. The TQM philosophy centres on total integration of the business to attain the required outcomes (Gunasekaran, Subramanian & Ngai, 2019). Generally, TQM means altering the manner individuals perform to minimize the potential of defects.

• Identify the appropriate quality standards for an organization.

Quality administration patterns incorporate features of specifications, arrangements, guidelines and components that services, products and procedures should consistently encounter to guarantee excellence equivalents expectations and meet the needs of the consumers.

• List the quality gurus and their contributions to the TQM concept.

Historically, TQM was first recognized by the contributions of quality gurus, including Deming and Juran, while in Japan after World War II (Gunasekaran, Subramanian & Ngai, 2019). Later, Crosby, Feigenbaum, Ishikawa and others had created this effective management technique for enhancing business quality within an organization.

• List and describe the costs of quality.

The cost of quality is divided into four categories. These include Appraisal, Internal Failure, External Failure and Prevention. The prevention cost is described as costs created from the effort to reduce low quality. The second significant type of quality costs is Appraisal costs. Appraisal costs include the work-in procedure, raw materials and finished products (Gunasekaran, Subramanian & Ngai, 2019). Internal failure costs are described as the third category of quality cost. It often occurs when quality defects are identified before reaching the customer. External failure costs occur when the defect is identified after it has reached the customer.

• Explain the concept of the Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycle

The PDSA is described as an iterative four-step management approach utilized in business for the management and continuous enhancement of products and procedures (Gunasekaran, Subramanian & Ngai, 2019). The PDSA is also identified as the control circle.

• Define statistical quality control (SQC)

The SQC is a phrase utilized to represent the set of analytical tools used by quality experts. The SQC is described as the use of demographic approaches in monitoring and advancing the essence of services and products.

• Explain the causes of variation

The policy of variation is described as the difference between an idea and an actual circumstance (Gunasekaran, Subramanian & Ngai, 2019). Variation is often caused by an alteration in data anticipated results or minor changes in production quality.

• Explain the concepts of process capability and process capability index

In the procedure of enhancement efforts, the process capability index or process capability is a statistical evaluation of process capability. This is described as the capacity of a process to generate output within specifications restrictions (Gunasekaran, Subramanian & Ngai, 2019). The concept of the process capability demonstrates the process that is in a state of statistical management.

• Describe the concept of Six Sigma and its five-step plan

There are five phases described in the Six Sigma methodology. The short form for Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control policy is utilized in Six Sigma procedure to solve the organizational and the operational concerns.

Competency 3016.1.2: Capacity Planning& Location Analysis (Chapters 3, 9 & 10)

• Describe the concept of capacity planning and provide an example of how it is utilized in any business environment such as a hospital setting

Capacity planning is described as an essential component of improving and maintaining patient safety and healthcare quality. The aspects of capacity planning have the potential of influencing the quality of patient care, including satisfaction (Fu, Wu, Wang & Wang, 2020). Healthcare settings utilize this concept while considering the scope and production of nursing faculty, balance between the operating capacity and intensive care units and evaluating the number of beds available.

• Explain the concepts of design and effective capacity

The design capacity is described as a logical supreme output of practice in a given period following theoretical circumstances. For different organizations, designing capacity is often straightforward (Fu et al., 2020). On the other hand, adequate capacity is identified as the capacity an organization anticipates to attain given its current operating constraints. To evaluate capacity, organizations need units of output.

• Explain the steps involved in capacity planning and location analysis

Incapacity planning and location analyses, managers are obligated to follow three steps procedure. These steps include evaluating the needs, developing alternatives, and assessing alternatives (Fu et al., 2020). The keys aspects of location analysis include proximity suppliers, customers, community attitude, and source of labour and quality of life concerns. 

• Explain the factors involved in selecting an ideal location

The factors that should be considered when selecting an ideal location include the style of operations, demographics, foot traffic, accessibility and parking, competition, proximity to other services and business, and history and image of the location.

• Describe capacity utilization

The capacity utilization standard evaluates the balance of implied budgetary output that is obtained (Fu et al., 2020).  As a percentage, the capacity utilization standard offers perspicacity into the overall slack that is a marketplace or company at a given period.

• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of globalization as it relates to location analysis

The advantages of globalization concerning location analysis include increased employment and enhanced living standards, improved revenue for the local community and enhanced financial flow (Fu et al., 2020). The disadvantages of globalization about location analysis include a threat to local industries, environmental damage and dumping.

• Explain various types of operational processes and their characteristics

The critical operational process includes project, jobbing, batch, line and continuous. Operational processes develop products of great variety and low volume. An aspect of the operational process is that the location of the product is stationary.

• Explain how a process flowchart is used by an organization

A process flowchart is described as a graphical demonstration of a business process through a flowchart. It is often utilized as an approach to achieving a top-down comprehension of the process performance, the steps it incorporates and event alteration results.

• Explain how to use process performance metrics

If the operation management considers utilizing and monitoring a specific process, the management is obligated to follow different approaches (Fu et al., 2020). These steps include establishing the process owner, identify performance evaluation, and comprehend the aim of the process, train staff, design and ownership.

• Explain the different types of facility layouts

There are four principal varieties of facility layouts. These include fixed position, cellular, product and process. The process layouts centres in arranging workflow within the production process of all the staffs conducting similar duties are categorized together (Fu et al., 2020). For instance, a manufacturer of custom machinery would utilize process layout.

• describe the product and process layout and the steps in each

A product layout is described as the tools, equipment, and machines located according to how a product is created. On the other hand, process layout is described as where similar items are categorized together (Fu et al., 2020). Process layout is ideal for organizations that perform custom work and where the demand for each product is low.

Competency 3016.1.3: Work System Design and Scheduling (Chapter 11)

• Describe the steps involved in methods analysis

Methods analysis incorporates different steps. These include identifying the operation to be analyzed, collecting all relevant information concerning performance including materials, tools and procedures. Lastly, charting the operation, whether the management is analyzing new or existing operations (Dou, Li, Xia & Zhao, 2020).

• Describe a work system design and its components

The key components of work system design include job designing, procedures analysis and work evaluation. Job designing determines the significant work activities of every staff or type of workforce (Dou, Li, Xia & Zhao, 2020). Process analysis centres on the detailed steps of conducting a particular job.

• Describe the differences between infinite and finite loading for scheduling work

An infinite loading is demonstrated as an approach to scheduling and planning that assumes that the due date of each order is absolute (Dou, Li, Xia & Zhao, 2020). On the other hand, finite capacity planning is recognized as an approach that develops a more realistic schedule for the production procedure that the infinite loading method, especially in the short run.

• Apply work measurement to estimate time to complete a specific job

Different techniques can be applied while considering work capacity to determine the time to complete a particular job (Dou, Li, Xia & Zhao, 2020). These techniques include work sampling, synthesis, predetermined motion and time study, and analytical estimating.

• Describe job design and the factors in designing a job

Work design or job design is an essential role of human resource supervision, and it is associated to the stipulation of contents, approaches, and the relationship of works to accomplish organizational and technological necessities, and personal and social requirements of the work (Dou, Li, Xia & Zhao, 2020). The factors that must be considered in work designing include responsibility, autonomy, job identity, response, engagement in decision making, recognition and support, and working environment.

• Describe why an organization should use standard time for a job

Standard time is described as the period employees take to complete the work with efficiency, having some unavoidable circumstances resulting in delays (Dou, Li, Xia & Zhao, 2020). Organizations should utilize standard time since it is often utilized to eradicate the confusion that might emerge when locations are in different time zones.

Competency 3016.1.4: Operating Efficiency Chapters 7 & 15)

• Describe the core elements of a just-in-time (JIT) system

The JIT system centres on the value-added processes to produce significant volumes of enhanced quality, minimums cost products that address the customer’s needs. The core elements of JIT include the pull the system, short setup times, small lot sizes, uniform plant loading, streamlined layout, flexible resources and kanban production (Schmeleva, 2017).

• Describe the JIT philosophy

The JIT philosophy is aimed at minimizing total production expenses by reducing waster and continuously enhances total product quality. The Just-in-Time philosophy fosters an environment where constant enhancements are required in quality and waste reduction (Schmeleva, 2017).

• Explain the benefits of a JIT system

The Just-in-Time approach often contributes to the organization by enhancing productivity. The most significant advantage of JIT is the eradication of raw material, inventory and product storage expenses (Schmeleva, 2017). Traditionally, raw supplies and inventory of complete products were regarded as assets.

• Describe the relationship between JIT and lean systems

The lean systems aim to eradicate wastes and enhance productivity, principally by operating on a pull system recognized as JIT production (Schmeleva, 2017). The Just-in-Time is described as the opposite to push system on the spectrum of supply chain management and can often be the barrier for an organization going lean. 

• Explain the differences between "push" and "pull" production systems

The push system demonstrates Make to Stock in which the production is not founded on actual demand (Schmeleva, 2017). On the other hand, the pull system starts to supply operations triggered by actual demand; it often described as an elevator.

• Describe the theory of constraints (TOC) along with the steps in TOC

The TOC utilizes an approach identified as the Five Focusing Steps to identify and eradicate constraints (Schmeleva, 2017). Embedded in the TOC is the idea of prioritizing enhancement activities. The principal objective is often the existing constraints.

Competency 3016.1.5: Supply Chain (Chapter 4)

• Describe components of a supply chain

The components of supply include producers, vendors, warehouses, transportation organizations, distribution centres, and retailers (Hussien, 2016). A supply chain is often essential in product development, operations, marketing, finance, distribution and customer service.

• Describe the concepts of insourcing or outsourcing and provide examples of when an organization should use each

Insourcing is often conducted solely from within an organization’s operational infrastructure. On the hand, outsourcing utilizes organizations not affiliated to conduct specific obligations (Hussien, 2016). Insourcing and outsourcing are described as approaches of dispersing work among different units or organizations for strategic purposes.

• Explain the concepts of vertical and backward and forward integration

Forward and backward integration is described as vertical integration strategies utilized to attain enhanced management of the value chain, minimize dependence on the suppliers and augment company competitiveness (Hussien, 2016). These two models often assist the organization in achieving enhanced control of the business and minimizing the negotiating influence of merchants. 

• Describe how an organization implement supply chain management

Various aspects are essential in implementing supply chain management. These include; (1) Introduction. The introduction step evaluates the significance and needs of a supply chain. (2) Focus in supply chain procedures, and this step utilizes a procedure framework. (3) Managing supply chain trends, this step advocate prioritizing objectives (Hussien, 2016). (4) Monitoring supply chain trends, in this step, incorporate social media and e-commerce. (5) Implementing a supply chain plan is a phase that necessitates the right individuals in the right position. (6) Conclusion, this phase involves conducting a comprehensive evaluation of the supply chain and decision making. 

• Describe the supply chain management metrics

Supply chain magnet metrics often include evaluation for procurement, production, transportation, inventory, and warehousing, material handling, packaging and purchaser service. The other metrics include perfect order evaluation, cash to cash and customer order cycle time, fill rate, supply chain cycle time, on-time shipping rate, days of sales outstanding. Inventory turnover, freight cost per unit, inventory days of supply, freight bill accuracy and average payment period for production materials are often considered.

Competency 3016.1.6: Management and Planning (Chapters 12, 13, 14 & 16)

• Describe how inventory management differs for manufacturing, retail, and service industries.

There are two significant differences between inventory management and service industries. Inventory management produces physical, tangible products that are stored in inventory before they are demanded. On the other hand, service industries produce intangible goods that cannot be manufactured ahead of time (Hernández-Callejo, 2019). Moreover, unlike retailers industries, which consist of products ready for sale, inventory management will integrate products in different phases of production, ranging from raw materials to finished products ready to be shipped to customers.

• Identify the objectives of inventory management.

Inventory management has three prime objectives. These include guaranteeing a constant supply of stock and material to ensure production does not suffer when customers demand. Another objective is to prevent under-stocking and to an overstock of inventory. The last but not least objective of the inventory management is to ensure availability of materials when needed in bulk quantity (Hernández-Callejo, 2019). Furthermore, inventory management assists in minimizing cost in inventory at a low level to maximize profitability.

• Describe methods used to verify inventory

The most straightforward approach to verify inventory without utilizing computers is granting the physical record count tags on each inventory product following the finish of the seasonal physical calculation (Hernández-Callejo, 2019). Other methods that can be used include considering cutoff analysis, adjusting the inventory calculation to the overall entries, examining high-value products, error-prone analysis products, evaluating inventory transit, evaluating product cost and reviewing freight expenses.

• Identify and describe different types of inventory.

The diverse types of inventory include raw materials, work-in-progress and finished products. Raw materials often wait to be processed. Work-in-progress refers to current obligations. Finished products are those ready to be sold.

• Describe the process of developing an aggregate plan

The first is forming an aggregate plan is distinguishing the aggregate plan that coordinates the organization's goals such as hybrid, chase or level. The second step is ascertaining the aggregate production valuation (Hernández-Callejo, 2019). Other processes include; a logical, comprehensive unit for evaluating output and sales, a forecast of demand for significant intermediate planning time in aggregate terms and an approach for determining the costs.

• Analyze the effectiveness of an existing aggregate plan

The aggregate plan is a strategy that allows companies to utilize the minimum number of service providers, possibly saving the company a significant amount of cash. The aggregate plan attempts to match the demand and capacity of services from time to time.

• Describe the two groups of options an organization can use when formulating an aggregate plan

The two options available to the organizations are a level of strategy and a chase strategy (Hernández-Callejo, 2019). Organizations can choose to use on the strategies in isolation or opt for an approach that combines the two strategies.

• Describe the appropriate types of aggregate planning strategy for a given situation

A level strategy aims to produce an aggregate plan that guarantees a constant production rate and reliable employment rate. For an organization to satisfy alterations in consumer demand, the company is obliged to minimize or maximize inventory levels in expectations of enhanced or minimized levels of forecast demand. On the other hand, the chase strategy attempts to match the capacity and demand for services continuously.

• Describe the benefits and costs of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems.

The ERP assists in developing improved business reporting using enhanced reporting equipment with real-time information (Hernández-Callejo, 2019). The ERP also helps in improving customer service by enhancing accessibility to consumer information. Other benefits include improving inventory expenses, boosting cash flow, cost-saving, enhancing cloud and data security, modernizing business process standardization and improving supply chain management.

• Explain the different types of demand.

Demand can be categorized into two bases. These include market demand and individual demand. Market demand is described as the demand for a product by all customers who purchase that product. Individual demand indicates the demand for services and products by a single customer.

• Describe the objectives of materials requirement planning (MRP).

The material requirement planning aims to address three objectives concurrently. First, to guarantee raw materials are accessible for manufacturing and products are available for delivery to consumers. The second objective is to ensure the lowest probable material and product levels in storage (Hernández-Callejo, 2019). The third objective is planning manufacturing activities, delivery schedules and buying activities.

• Describe the role of capacity requirements planning (CRP).

The role of capacity requirement planning is to assist organizations with budgeting and scaling to identify optimal levels of performance (Hernández-Callejo, 2019). Moreover, the CRP helps organization to analyze critical management tool. As a result, it is making the organization distinguish if it can oversee the customer’s demand.

• Describe the project life cycle

A project life cycle incorporates four significant stages through which the project manager and his group attempt to attain the objectives that the project implements (Hernández-Callejo, 2019). These four stages that demonstrate the life of a project include conception, planning, implementation and closure.

37.QUESTION

 Drug Abuse   \

ANSWER

 Drug Abuse: Annotated Bibliography

Citation: National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). National institute on drug abuse: Advancing addiction science. https://www.drugabuse.gov/

Annotation: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is the leading federal agency that supports scientific research on drug use as well as its consequences. NIDA supports research on a wide array of prevention and treatment interventions that benefits the general population, across different age groups. Different topics on drugs of abuse, which are of interest to NIDA, include opioids, pain medications, prescription drugs, heroin, fentanyl, tobacco, illicit opioids, brain and addiction, marijuana, cocaine, drug overdoses in youth, sedatives, kratom, inhalants, over-the-counter medications, illegal drugs, prescription stimulants, alcohol, naloxone, and nicotine. The organization also provides grants and funding as well as resources to support research initiatives on depending on research priorities in a given time.

Citation: The BRAIN Initiative. (2020). The BRAIN initiative. https://braininitiative.nih.gov/about/overview

Annotation: The Brain Research trough Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative aims to develop better understanding of the human brain and how it functions both in health and disease. The underlying causes of most psychiatric and neurological conditions remain largely unknown. This is because the human brain remains one of the major mysteries of science. High resolution technologies will be used to observe how the brain is functionally and structurally connected in living humans. National Institute of Health has established a high-level working-group of the Advisory Committee to the National Institute of Health Director so as to help shape this new initiative. Input from broad range of stakeholders and interest groups including the public, the scientific community, and patient advocates have been sought and taken into consideration. The report titled ‘BRAIN 2025: A Scientific Vision’ was released in Jun 2014 and was subsequently endorsed by the Advisory Committee to the National Institute of Health Director. The report articulates the scientific goals of the Initiative and a multi-year scientific plan for realizing these goals, including milestones, timetables, and cost estimates.

Citation: Ramos, K. M., Rommelfanger, K. S., Greely, H. T., & Koroshetz, W. J. (2018). Nueroethics and the NIH BRAIN Initiative. J Responsible Innov., 5(1), 122-130. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F23299460.2017.1319035

Annotation: The purpose of the study was to discuss the BRAIN Initiative as well as its aspirations and implications to neuroethics. The authors also discussed new opportunities for integrating stakeholder voices and for collaboration. The BRAIN Initiative will revolutionize the understanding of the scientific community as well as that of the public on how the brain functions in disease and health. It can have a significant impact in addressing the growing societal impact of mental health, neurological, and substance abuse disorders. New advances in neurotechnology can provide new ways for modulating and interrogating brain functions. Neuroethics Division of the National Institute of Health BRAIN Initiative Multi-Council Working Group has been established so as to help the BRAIN Initiative to navigate through issues involving ethics. Collaboration and multi-agency involvement in the BRAIN Initiative provides the best chance of delivering on the promise of scientific-advances so as to treat and prevent disorders and diseases of the brain.