Ratio Analysis

Answer

Ratio Analysis

Part 4

From the financial ratios in the years 2019 and 2020, the company has not been able to meet its short-term financial obligations efficiently due to low liquidity ratios.   This trend will change in the near future as per the projected liquidity ratios. Similarly, a greater percentage of the company’s activities have been financed through borrowed finance, as the debt-to-equity ratios are higher.  The state will persist as per the projections. The company, however, has been able to use its assets efficiently to generate sales as it has higher profit margins and assets turnover, the trend will be maintained as per the projections.

Part 5

It is evident that the company is expecting to realize a growth in its net income every year, which is an indication of an improvement in performance every year. As a result of consistent performance improvement, the company intends to grow its retained earnings every year.  The projected retained earnings in the year 2022, are higher than the projected amount in the year 2021. similarly, the projection in the year 2023, is higher than that of the year 2022.  This means that the company’s equity status will be increasing every year.

21.QUESTION

Exercise Physiology    

Assignment 4: Essay (6 hours – Study: 1 hour; Writing: 5 hours)

Review Chapters 1-3 in Exercise Physiology: Integrating Theory and Application and answer the following questions in at least 125 words each.

1. Explain how metabolic substrates are used when one engages in aerobic exercise. Include in your answer: exercise intensity, duration, and recovery; lactate threshold, and enzymes.
2. Discuss the body’s need for carbohydrates during aerobic exercise. Include in your answer:

• needs for athletes vs. nonathletes,
• daily recommendations based on research,
• recommendations for carbohydrate content in sport drinks.

3. On an elliptical machine, explain the following about METS. What is a MET? What does it mean if you are exercising at 9 METS? What factors causes differences in METS among individuals? How many METS are consistent with moderate exercise intensity?

4. What is the scientific method? What are the steps?

5. Give 3 examples of authorities in a field whose opinions would warrant caution.

6. What is the difference between basic and applied research? Give an example of each.

7. Give examples of the following types of research and give an example of each: descriptive, correlational, and experimental.

8. What is meant by “evidence-based practice”?

9. What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable? Give an example of each.

10. What is the difference between validity and reliability? Why are they both important in studies?

Requirements:  xx/15

Demonstrates Understanding: xx/30

Supporting Evidence: xx/25

Logic and Argumentation:  xx/15

Articulation of Response:  xx/15

Points Earned: xx/100

ANSWER

Exercise Physiology

Exercise Physiology

1. Explain how metabolic substrates are used when one engages in aerobic exercise. Include in your answer: exercise intensity, duration, and recovery; lactate threshold, and enzymes.

My Response

When the human body engages in exercise training for a couple of times a week or for extended period of time, physiological systems tend to undergo certain adaptations so as to increase the body’s capacity and efficiency. The extend of these changes depend on duration and intensity of the training. Low rates of exercise, for example walking at a rate of 2.5 miles per hour (4km/h) places small demands on the respiratory and cardiovascular system. Metabolic processes generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the primary energy source for an active muscle. ATP is generated by the glycolytic system (exercise lasting 30sec to 2 min), ATP-phosphocreatine system, and the oxidative system (Kraemer et al., 2016). The glycolytic system produces lactate, which drops the pH. One the pH reaches 6.4 – 6.6 energy enzymes will be made dysfunctional (Kraemer et al., 2016).

            Lactate is the main by-product of anaerobic glycolytic energy system. When exercise intensity is low, the cardiovascular and respiratory systems meet the oxygen demand of active muscles, lactate levels tend to remain at a level within the normal range as at rest, since some lactate is utilized aerobically by the active muscles and some is removed rapidly as it enters blood from the muscle. When exercise intensity increases the rate of entry of lactate increases in the blood goes up resulting in build-up since entry rate exceeds the rate of removal from blood. Lactate levels can then increase to the point of exhaustion. Lactate threshold is the point at which blood lactate levels rise above normal levels observed at rest. Lactate threshold is a significant marker of endurance performance. Endurance training enhances the oxidative capacity of the active muscles, increases capacity of skeletal muscle to store glycogen, and improves the ability of a trained-muscle to use fat as an energy source (Kraemer et al., 2016). Decreased blood glucose and lactate in low-intensity exercise stages can be an indicator of recovery ability in an athlete who has trained well (Yang et al., 2020).

2. Discuss the body’s need for carbohydrates during aerobic exercise. Include in your answer:

• needs for athletes vs. nonathletes,
• daily recommendations based on research,
• recommendations for carbohydrate content in sport drinks.

My Response

            In a low intensity or skill-based activities an athlete requires 3 to 5 g/kg of athletes’ body weight per day of carbohydrate intake. In moderate exercise (approximately 1hr per day) programs athletes require 5 to 7 g of carbohydrates per kg per day. Endurance programs (about 1 to 3hrs/day) requires intake of 6 to 10g/kg/day while extreme commitment exercises or sports (about 4 to 5hrs/day) require intake of 8 to 12 g/kg/day (Thomas, Burke, & Erdman, 2015). Among nonathletes, the recommended daily intake of carbohydrates is 45 – 65% of their calorie intake (at least 130 g of carbohydrates per day) (Coleman, 2018). Recommended carbohydrate content in energy drinks is 27g for one 8-ounce or 240ml serving (Wong, 2020).

3. On an elliptical machine, explain the following about METS. What is a MET? What does it mean if you are exercising at 9 METS? What factors causes differences in METS among individuals? How many METS are consistent with moderate exercise intensity?

My Response

         MET is defined at 1 metabolic equivalent (MET) and is used to quantify the rate of energy consumption during exercise (Kraemer et al., 2016). A MET is also defined as the quantity of oxygen that is consumed while the body is at rest. It represents a practical approach of expressing energy-cost of a physical activity as a multiple of the resting level of metabolic rate (Cristi-Montero, 2016). Use of METs to quantify physical intensity draws from the absolute intensity scale. A 9 METs activity refers to an activity that requires nine times the resting metabolic rate (Kraemer et al., 2016). Moderate-intensity exercise is considered as a 3 METs to 6 METs activity (Cristi-Montero, 2016).

4. What is the scientific method? What are the steps?

My Response

            The scientific method is a problem-solving approach consisting of five basic steps and an additional feedback step. Steps include making of observation, asking questions, forming a hypothesis or a testable explanation, making a prediction based on the hypothesis, testing the prediction, and the feedback step which is iteration or using of results to make new hypotheses or predictions (Khan Academy, 2021).

5. Give 3 examples of authorities in a field whose opinions would warrant caution.

My Response

            Authorities whose opinions would warrant caution include the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, American Heart Association, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

6. What is the difference between basic and applied research? Give an example of each.

My Response

            Basic research is driven by curiosity. It is motivated by an individual’s desire to add on the existing knowledge or to acquire knowledge for the knowledge’s sake. It is meant to answer what, why, and how questions as well as to increase the understanding of fundamental principles. Basic research has no immediate commercial applications. It may not lead to inventions or solutions to a practical problem (University of Texas at El Paso, 2021). An example of basic research is the effect of water dehydration on endurance among athletes.

            Applied research on the other hand is meant to answer specific questions that are aimed at solving practical problems. The new knowledge that is acquired from applied research can have specific commercial applications or objectives in the form of services, procedures or products (University of Texas at El Paso, 2021). Example of applied research is a study on how to reduce production cost and maximize profits in a certain company.

7. Give examples of the following types of research and give an example of each: descriptive, correlational, and experimental.

My Response

             Descriptive research is summarized using descriptive statistics and it is designed to provide an overview of the current state of affairs (Pressbooks, 2021). An example of descriptive research is a study meant to understand the fashion purchasing trends in a given country. Correlational research is a study designed to discover relationships among variables as well as to allow prediction of events in the future from present knowledge (Pressbooks, 2021). An example of correlational research is the correlation between number of hours of active training per day and the outcome in a competitive sport. Experimental research is a study in which there is initial equivalence of participants at the baseline then participants and put into a control and intervention group for comparison purposes (Pressbooks, 2021). An example of an experimental study is the one meant to investigate the efficacy and safety of a new drug.

8. What is meant by “evidence-based practice”?

My Response

            Evidence-based practice is defined as a conscientious as well as a problem-solving approach to clinical practice, which incorporates the best evidence from well-conducted and well-designed studies, clinical expertise, and patient values in making decisions about the patient’s care (Relias, Inc, 2021). Evidence-based information ranges from level A (the strongest) to C (weakness). Level A evidence is obtained from randomized control trials, systematic review or meta-analysis, and clinical practical practice guidelines. Level B evidence is obtained from well-designed control trials without randomization, clinical-cohort study, case-controlled study, uncontrolled study, epidemiological study, and qualitative study/quantitative study. Level C evidence is obtained from meta-synthesis and consensus viewpoint and expert opinion (Relias, Inc, 2021).

9. What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable? Give an example of each.

My Response

            An independent variable is defined as the cause such as a drug dose while dependent variable is defined as the effect for example elimination of an infection and drug side effects. The value of an independent variable is not influenced or affected by other variables in the study. On the other hand, the value of the dependent variable is influenced or affected by changes in the independent variable (Thomas, 2020).

10. What is the difference between validity and reliability? Why are they both important in studies?

My Response

            Reliability tells the extent to which the findings can be reproduced when the research is repeated under similar conditions. Validity tells the extent to which the findings measure what they are supposed to measure (Middleton, 2019). Reliability and validity are both important in studies since they are used to evaluate the quality of research. Besides, they can indicate whether the outcome of a study is open for generalizes (Middleton, 2019).