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  Research Methods and Approaches

  An experimental research is characterized by random selection of samples and control of variables (Leavy, 2017). An example of an experimental study was conducted by Merkow et al. (2018). A quasi-experimental study is an empirical study that borrows a lot from the experimental research design; however, samples are not selected in a random manner (Leavy, 2017). An example of a quasi-experimental study is the one conducted by Kim and Steiner (2016) on causal inferences. A non-experimental research design is characterized by the inability of an investigator to manipulate, control, or change predictor variables; however, an investigator can make observation, interpret data, and identify connections to develop a conclusion (Leavy, 2017).  The study by Mudallal, Othman, and Al Hassan (2017) is an example of a non-experimental research design.