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QUESTION
The health issue screening I want to write about is breast cancer.
week 2: Discussion - Epidemiological Methods
Purpose:
This discussion board content is intended to facilitate learning for students through engaging dialogues as they achieve the desired learning outcomes/competencies associated with their course in a manner that empowers them to organize, integrate, apply and critically appraise their knowledge to their selected field of practice.
The use of discussions provides students with opportunities to contribute graduate level-appropriate knowledge and experience to the topic in a safe, caring, and fluid environment that models professional and social interaction. The ebb and flow of a discussion is based upon the composition of student and faculty interaction in the quest for relevant scholarship.
Participation in the discussion generates opportunities for students to actively engage in the written ideas of others by carefully reading, researching, reflecting, and responding to the contributions of their peers and course faculty. Discussions foster the development of members into a community of learners as they share ideas and inquiries, consider perspectives that may be different from their own, and integrate knowledge from other disciplines
Activity Learning Outcomes
Through this assignment, the student will demonstrate the ability to:
- Discriminate among various screening tools that may be used in the provision of care as an Advanced Practice Nurse (CO4)
Assignment Requirements
- Your course faculty will supply you with a list of topics. Choose one of the topics to use for Week 2 Discussion Board.
- Next, choose a diagnostic or screening method (related to your choice from the list of health issues above). You may use one of the following web sites to locate a screening tool, a scholarly article, or a tool from a professional web site of your choice (for example, from the American Psychological Association).
U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (Links to an external site.) (Links to an external site.)
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (Links to an external site.) (Links to an external site.)
SAMHSA-HRSA (Links to an external site.) (Links to an external site.)
- Reply to the following prompt:
- Describe the diagnostic or screening tool selected, its purpose, and what age group it targets.
- Has it been specifically tested in this age group?
- Next, discuss the predictive ability of the test. For instance, how do you know the test is reliable and valid? What are the reliability and validity values? What are the predictive values? Is it sensitive to measure what it has been developed to measure, for instance, HIV, or depression in older adults, or Lyme disease? Would you integrate this tool into your advanced practice based on the information you have read about the test, why or why not?
- You should include a minimum of two (2) scholarly articles from the last five (5) years (3 is recommended).
- Respond to a minimum of two (2) individuals, peer and/or faculty, with a scholarly and reflective post of a minimum of two (2) paragraphs of 4-5 sentences. A minimum of one (1) scholarly article should be utilized to support the post in addition to your textbook.
- Your work should have in-text citations integrating at a minimum one scholarly article and the course textbook. APA format should be utilized to include a reference list. Correct grammar, spelling, and APA should be adhered to when writing, work should be scholarly without personalization or first - person use.
Need assistance? Click here for the Week 2 FAQ document (Links to an external site.) that discusses these terms.
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**To see view the grading criteria/rubric, please click on the 3 dots in the box at the end of the solid gray bar above the discussion board title and then Show Rubric.
DISCUSSION CONTENT
Category
Points
%
Description
Scholarly
13
22%
· The student actively stimulates and sustains inquiry by making reflective insightful comments, asking thoughtful questions and/or engaging in a scholarly discussion.
· The student expresses a clear idea of the topic under discussion and sustains inquiry in order to explore relevant issues.
· The student recognizes values or values conflict as things that form the assumption basis of arguments and recognizes when it is important to acknowledge these values.
· The student recognizes the accuracy, logic, relevance, or clarity of statements.
· The student asks clarifying questions and knows when clarifying questions need to be asked.
· The student distinguishes fact from opinion.
Application
20
33%
· All components of discussion prompt addressed (met) in initial posting.
· The student’s writing conveys an understanding of significant ideas relevant to the issue under discussion. This is indicated by integration of course and weekly objectives, as well as readings from text and articles.
· All posts should make correct use of terminology, precise selection of the pieces of information required to make a point, correct and appropriate use of examples and counterexamples, demonstrations of which distinctions are important to make, and explanations that are concise and to the point.
· Information and knowledge are accurate.
· The student elaborates statements with accurate explanations, reasons, or evidence from the course and/or weekly objectives.
· All postings integrate scholarly sources to support points consistently.
Interactive Dialogue
10
16.6%
· Responds to ideas in a way that advances discussion with engagement, depth, rigor, and application.
· Interacts with a professional tone and is able to express opinions with ownership and without judgement.
· Chooses to include professional experience to the discussion board mindful of appropriateness and boundaries. Experience is integrated as it supports the discussion board topic and utilizes scholarly references to support overall topic.
43
72%
Total CONTENT Points= 43 pts
DISCUSSION FORMAT
Category
Points
%
Description
APA
12
20%
· In text citations are formatted per APA current ed.
· Reference list is formatted per APA current ed.
· Spelling, grammar, and scholarly tone are per APA current ed.
Spelling / Grammar etc.
5
8%
· Posts should utilize correct spelling and grammar (sentence structure and avoidance of slang or casual language) .
17
28%
Total FORMAT Points=17 pts
60
100%
DISCUSSION TOTAL=60 points
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ReplyReply to Week 2: Discussion - Epidemiological Methods
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Discussion topic: describe the diagnostic or screening tool selected, its purpose, and what age group it targets. Choose from one of the following tests:
- Genetic Testing: Colon, Prostate, Breast Cancer (choose one)
- Fall Risk Screening Tools ( to help identify at riskpatients aged 65 and over, such as Mobility Interaction Scale)
- NAAT Screening Test for Chlamydia
Healthy People 2020 Paper topic is:
LGBTIA Health
Guidelines for what to include in these all are in WEEK 2 modules.
| Subject | Nursing | Pages | 7 | Style | APA |
|---|
Answer
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Screening Mammography
Breast cancer is the most commonly contracted cancer among women across the world. It comprises the highest percentage with approximately 1.7 million women contracting cancer every year (Degnan et al, 2016). In the United State, breast cancer accounts for most new cancer cases and deaths among women, creating an alarm for the need for a primary prevention service through cancer screening and diagnosing among women. Notably, cancer screening is considered a standard measure of preventive medical care. Screening generally helps detect cancer before even the patient starts to show symptoms. This essay, therefore describes mammography as a tool of screening cancer.
Screening Mammography
Screening mammography is the most effective breast cancer screening method recommended for use among women aged 65 years and above. A mammogram X-ray for the breast is believed to be essential in helping to detect breast cancer earlier among women when there are still high chances of treatment. Regular mammograms greatly lower the mortality rate among women when detected before it gets worse enough to cause symptoms (Rivera et al, 2020).
Mammographic test predictability can be determined by carrying out a random trial test. It is found that mammogram screening is quite accurate in detecting breast cancer among women aged 65 years and above (Zeeshan et al, 2018). The screening test is highly associated with the age-factor reduction in cancer mortality. A digital mammogram is rated highly in detecting cancer among women having a sensitivity of 97%, positivity prediction value of about 89%, a specificity rate of 64%, negative prediction digit of 90.9%, and finally, with a diagnostic accuracy value of 89.3% among women taking the test (Zeeshan et al, 2018). Overall, this result shows the growing need for mammogram screening tests among elderly women within the United States.
There is no virtual disagreement on the fact that mammography screening test is possibly the most debated and intensely scrutinized medical procedure in United State currently (Zeeshan et al, 2018). This is due to the fact that there no other better cancer screening tool showing a great combination of specificity as well as sensitivity. Similarly, the current practicing record, mammography stands out as the best early cancer detection procedure with a high chance of patients' survival when detected in their earlier stages.
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2019), women aged between 50 and 75 years are at higher risk of breast cancer, and thus should get mammogram test ones every two years. It is done by obtaining a mammogram image using an X-ray machine by compressing the breast between the plates to help get a clear picture. Usually, the compression which lasts for a few seconds seems uncomfortable and might be painful to the patients. Large heterogeneity status and life expectancy issues among old women has, however, raised controversy on the use of mammography screening test. It is believed that the age factor may work against the screening benefit, and instead increases the chances of old women getting harms following the test (Dilaveri et al, 2019).
Another concern is that a mammogram screening test is likely to give false false results depending on the age of the patient. At times, it may show positive results when in fact the cancer test is negative. The more mammogram tests a woman undertakes, the higher the chances of obtaining false positive results. This calls for more follow-up tests, which makes it difficult to recommend the integration of this tool for advanced practice.
Reference
Degnan, D., Harris, R., Ranney, J., Quade, D., Earp, J. A., & Gonzalez, J. (2016). Measuring the use of mammography: two methods compared. American Journal of Public Health, 82(10), 1386-1388.
Dilaveri, C., Klassen, C., Fazzio, R., & Ghosh, K. (2019). Breast Cancer Screening for Women at Average Risk. Current Breast Cancer Reports, 11(3), 123-128.
Rivera, M. P., Katki, H. A., Tanner, N. T., Triplette, M., Sakoda, L. C., Wiener, R. S., ... & Ford, M. E. (2020). Addressing Disparities in Lung Cancer Screening Eligibility and Healthcare Access. An Official American Thoracic Society Statement. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 202(7), e95-e112.
Zeeshan, M., Salam, B., Khalid, Q. S. B., Alam, S., & Sayani, R. (2018). Diagnostic accuracy of digital mammography in the detection of breast cancer. Cureus, 10(4).
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Choose ONE of the following discussion question options to respond to: Using Adverse Conditions to a Company's AdvantageThis is a discussion question that I need answered. I need the second portion of the questioned answered thoroughly, both bullet points. I have highlighted it in yellow to show that it is what I need answered. I need this r returned to me completed without any grammatical or punctual errors. The company that I want this question written about is Nissan Motor Corporation. - Chakravorti (2010) discusses four methods that corporate innovators use to turn adverse conditions to their advantage. Examine an organization of your choice and briefly discuss how the organization might use one of these methods.
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| Subject | Business | Pages | 4 | Style | APA |
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Answer
Training Needs Assessment Introduction Training and development are very instrumental, especially in the current operational context of most organizations that are endeavoring to enhance optimal throughput from the entire resourceful areas of the organization. Training improves employees’ expertise; it gives room and space for ascertaining key crucial extents of employees’ development (Towler, et al. 2014). In order to establish whether employees have the reading level necessary to succeed in a training program, I would employ various techniques as discussed in the following section. First, I will conduct formal interviews and tests that call for reading abilities, experience, and skills. In specific, I would carry out written interviews and tests for the employees at the workplace that would incorporate excerpts that best suits the employees’ reading level for them to read and respond to its related questions. This excerpt, for example, will be based on the objectives of the training, the content, and prior practice settings. This training need evaluation would help to identify employees’ reading behavior and the gaps to be addressed in the training program, which in return would benefit the organization and employees from new training prospects (Gupta, 2011). This will enable me to identify what employees need to know in so far as technical or communication knowledge is concerned, and what they are capable to do in terms of mental or manual skills to realize the intended results and the disposition to execute their roles (attitude). However, it should be noted that, the ability of employees to understand what they read does not resonate with their reading level (Cain, 2011). Furthermore, I would employ an employee performance appraisal interview to identify previous and contemporary performance to find out an area that needs action (Franco-Santos, Lucianetti, & Bourne, 2012). All these are written documents or material that need to be read and interpreted, hence will help in assessing the reading level essential to thrive in a training program. On the other hand, I would use self-assessments, surveys (Garvin, Edmondson, Gino, 2008), and questionnaires. These are all techniques with a regular written format that call for reading. They can be structured based on the attitude of employees, employees’ job content, the standards of employee performance in line with efficiency and outcome, or on the expertise required to execute the roles of the job proficiently (Verrell, McCabe, 2015). In this analysis, I would be able to establish the reading level based on how they respond to the questionnaires and the way and the degree they use to evaluate themselves. Lastly, I would employ focus group discussions which provide an open atmosphere for employees to engage in open written questions on various training requirements as I listen to the way they read and articulate their points out. I would ensure that the topics for discussion are all written, and they should be read within a given period of time before being discussed. This helps in knowing the reading level. Additionally, I would employ desk studies for employees on the organizational documents and the analysis of the records which uses secondary information to help in the identification of training needs (Garvin, Edmondson, Gino, 2008). Employees would be required to give their report which will help me establish their reading level essential to thrive in a training program. .References
- Airlines, S. (2018). Southwest airlines co. 2017 annual report to shareholders. Retrieved from http://investors. Southwest. com/financials/company-reports/annual-reports. Anderson, T. J., Clark, W. M., & Naugle, D. K. (2017). An Introduction to Christian Worldview: Pursuing God's Perspective in a Pluralistic World. InterVarsity Press. Gibson, A., & Augsburger, D. (2019). Honorable in business: business ethics from a Christian perspective. Wipf and Stock Publishers. White, D., & Kirkpatrick, N. (2020). The Role of Biblical Theology in Teaching a Christian Worldview on Business. Christian Business Academy Review, 15. Wu, W., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., & Witlox, F. (2019). Community Detection in Airline Networks: An Empirical Analysis of American vs. Southwest Airlines. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2019, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3032015