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QUESTION
Title: Response
Paper Details
Attached
I need a two paragraph response to two papers. APA format, responses not more than five years.
would like you to use these books as reference
Goolsby, Jo, M., Grubbs, Laurie. (2014). Advanced Assessment: Interpreting Findings and Formulating Differential Diagnoses, 3rd Edition.
McCance, K., Huether, S., Brashers, V. & Rote, N. (2014). Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children.
Woo, T. M., & Wynne, A. L. (2012). Pharmacotherapeutics for nurse practitioner prescribers (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Co.
This is the first one
The term sexually transmitted infection(STI) comprise of so many infectious organisms that are transmitted through sexual activity and the multitude of clinical syndromes associated with the organisms. Women are more vulnerable to STIs because they are more biologically susceptible than men to certain STIs and are more likely to have asymptomatic infections. The top STIs in the United States are chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes, human papillomavirus, trichomoniasis. (Buttaro, Trybulski, Bailey and Sandberg-Cook, 2013).
Chlamydia
According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), (2014), chlamydia is caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, which is an obligate intracellular parasite. It is a curable sexually transmitted infection. Chlamydial infection is the most frequently reported sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States and most common cause of bacterial STI worldwide. Prevalence is high in persons aged 24 years and under. World Health Organization (2015) and CDC (2014) from the United States and Canada indicates that chlamydia incidence rates, based on case reporting, among adolescents have risen in recent years, yet prevalence studies available from the United States indicate that the actual prevalence of chlamydia among young people has remained relatively stable (Mitchell et al, 2015).
Signs and Symptoms
According to Peate (2012), chlamydia infection is asymptomatic in most people, approximately 50% of men and 80% of women are asymptomatic. Women with symptoms presents with, Vaginal discharge, Dysuria, Lower abdominal pain, Pyrexia, Inter-menstrual bleeding, post-coital bleeding and Dyspareunia. While in males, symptoms may include; dysuria, Urethral discharge, Epididymo-orchitis which usually presents as testicular pain and or swelling and Pyrexia.
Diagnostics
Chlamydia is often detected during screening or during investigations of other genitourinary illness. To detect chlamydial infections, health-care providers frequently rely on screening tests. Annual screening of all sexually active women with age 25 years and below is recommended and screening of older women at increased risk for infection such as people with a new sex partner, more than one sex partner, a sex partner with concurrent partners, or a sex partner who has a sexually transmitted infection. New tests used for detecting chlamydia have been developed and continue to develop as technology advances. It is essential, however, to always obtain a sexual health history, either at the time of testing or when managing a positive chlamydia test result. C. trachomatis urogenital infection can be diagnosed in women by testing first-catch urine or collecting swab specimens from the cervix or vagina (Peate, 2012).
Diagnosis of C. trachomatis urethral infection in men can be made by testing a urethral swab or first-catch urine specimen. Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) which is a molecular technique used to detect a virus or a bacterium are the most sensitive tests for the specimens and therefore are recommended for detecting C. trachomatis infection. NAATs that are FDA-cleared for use with vaginal swab specimens can be collected by a provider or self-collected in a clinical setting. Self-collected vaginal swab specimens are equivalent in sensitivity and specificity to those collected by a clinician using NAATs. Rectal, pharyngeal or conjunctival tests may be performed (CDC, 2014).
Treatment
Treating patients infected with C. trachomatis and their sex partners prevents adverse reproductive health complications and continued sexual transmission and prevent reinfection and infection of other partners. Also, treating pregnant women usually prevents transmission of C. trachomatis to neonates during birth. Treatment include; Azithromycin 1g oral single dose, or Doxycycline 100mg, oral twice a day for seven days. If patient is allergic to above medication or are contra-indicated, then alternative regimens will include: Ofloxacin 200 mg, oral twice-daily or 400 mg once-daily for seven days or Erythromycin 500 mg, oral twice daily for fourteen days, or four times daily for seven days or Amoxicillin 500 mg, oral three times daily for seven days. Several complications can result from C. trachomatis infection in women if not detected or treated early, the most serious of which include Pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and infertility (Woo and Wynne, 2012).
Conclusion
Sexually transmitted infections presents a significant health concern for both young women and men across the globe. Therefore, prevention is a paramount health issue in the fight to decrease the morbidity and mortality. A major tool in the course to combat most of the STIs is vaccination. It is essential that vaccinations are targeted to both young males and females. Education regarding STIs and encouraging population at risk to take vaccination will be lifelong in order to prevent transmission as well as recommendations for treating persons who have or are at risk for STIs.
This is the second one
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
According to Lunny, Taylor, Memetovic, Wärje, Lester, Wong, Ogilvie, (2014) globally they asserts that the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) is rising, posing a challenge to its control and appropriate management and they also allowing providers to interact with patients anywhere and anytime, and patient engagement are key to managing STIs. They related that text messaging helps to hasten communication in regards to managing sexually transmitted diseases. Listed are some of the sexually transmitted diseases that are the most common: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea,Trichomoniasis, Genital Herpes, HIV/AIDS, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection, Syphilis, Bacterial Vaginosis, and Viral Hepatitis (Lunny et al, 2014).
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common STD/STI. More than 40 HPV types exist, and all of them can infect both men and women. The primary causes of HPV are the human papillomaviruses, of which there are at least several types. In many cases, these viruses are harmless, but some can cause precancerous growths or even cancer. About 30 are spread through sexual contact. Based on the type of virus that is transmitted and how it is transmitted, HPV causes many different conditions. Common ones include warts, precancerous lesions, and cervical cancer (Buttaro, Trybulski, Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook, 2013). The types of HPVs vary in their ability to cause genital warts; infect other regions of the body, including the mouth and throat; and cause cancers of the cervix, vulva, penis, and mouth. Although no cure exists for HPV infection once it occurs, regular screening with a Pap smear test can prevent or detect at an early stage most cases of HPV-caused cervical cancer. A Pap smear test involves a health care provider taking samples of cells from the cervix during a standard gynecologic exam; these cells are examined under a microscope for signs of developing cancer).A newly available vaccine protects against most (but not all) HPV types that cause cervical cancer. Buttaro et al. (2013) stated that this vaccine for school-aged boys and girls. HPV transmission typically occurs through direct skin-to-skin contact, including genital-to-genital contact. In fact, the virus is spread easily between sexual partners, making it one of the most common STDs. And because there are often no signs or symptoms, most infected people are unaware that HPV transmission has occurred. A pregnant woman can transmit HPV to her baby during vaginal delivery, but this is extremely rare (CDC, 2017).
| Subject | Nursing | Pages | 6 | Style | APA |
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Answer
The First Response
The author started by introducing what an STI is and how it is transmitted and the most interesting part of the introduction is where the author notes that women are more vulnerable to STIs than their male counterparts. This finding is similar to the one documented by Jones, Striley, and Cottler (2017), which indicated that women are more biologically susceptible to specific STIs than men. Additionally, the author went ahead to inform the audience about the top ranked STIs in the United States currently. This approach is convincingly informative and helps the reader to know the basic statistics that surrounds STIs in the states.
The author proceeded to address one specific STI, Chlamydia, showing that he or she clearly adhered to the set instructions. In covering the condition, the author defined the disease in terms of its causative agent. Also indicated is that this is the most reported STI in the state and the rest of the world. This finding is similar to the one indicated by Jones, Striley, and Cottler (2017). The author’s focus on the prevalence of the disease being higher for youths below twenty five years gives a clear picture to the reader that age is a risk factor of the condition.
The other areas extensively covered by the author are diagnosis and signs and symptoms of the disease. The symptoms indicated in the article which includes vaginal discharge, pyrexia, urethral discharge, dysuria, lower abdominal pain, testicular pain are similar to the ones indicated by Huffam, Chow, Leeyaphan, Fairley, Hocking, Phillips, and Garland (2017). The article also informs the author about what tests are carried out to diagnose the condition. This helps the reader gauge the level of advancement our modern medicine has achieved so far and its limitations. Under treatment, the author has adequate coverage of the various types of treatments that are offered depending on the patient condition such as pregnancy and allergies. Finally, the conclusion of the article illustrated a complete coverage of a standard response paper.
The Second Response
Generally, the article was not properly organized in terms of the various subheadings that should appear in any standard paper. The introductory part and the body are covered, but conclusion is evidently missing. In the introductory part, the author reminds the audience of the common examples of STIs. This is effective as the audience are able to gain a general knowledge of what the STIs are and their characteristics. The author sates that HPV is the most common STI with more than forty types. The only shortcoming of this statement is that the original researcher (s) has not been credited.
The author accurately informs the audience that there is no known cure for HPV but recommends that regular Pap smear can immensely help in early detection. This is in line with the finding made by Sangrajrang, Laowahutanont, Wongsena, Muwonge, Karalak, Imsamran, and Sankaranarayanan, (2017) in determining the best ways of accurately diagnosing and managing HPV. The author has also informed the audience about the most effective way that HPV is transmitted. The author’s view on the absence of signs and symptoms of the disease is also shared by Huffam, Chow, Leeyaphan, Fairley, Hocking, Phillips, and Garland (2017). This indicate that the article borrowed information from reputable past researches and thus it can legitimately be used to inform the audience on issues surrounding HPV.
References
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Huffam, S., Chow, E. P., Leeyaphan, C., Fairley, C. K., Hocking, J. S., Phillips, S. ... & Garland, S. M. (2017, July). Chlamydia Infection between Men and Women: A Cross-Sectional Study of Heterosexual Partnerships. In Open Forum Infectious Diseases (Vol. 4, No. 3). Oxford University Press. Jones, A. A., Striley, C. W., & Cottler, L. B. (2017). Prescription opioid use, illicit drug use, and sexually transmitted infections among participants from a community engagement program in North Central Florida. Journal of Substance Use, 22(1), 90-95. Sangrajrang, S., Laowahutanont, P., Wongsena, M., Muwonge, R., Karalak, A., Imsamran, W., ... & Sankaranarayanan, R. (2017). Comparative accuracy of Pap smear and HPV screening in Ubon Ratchathani in Thailand. Papillomavirus Research, 3, 30-35.
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