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QUESTION
Describe the "levels of evidence" and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each
| Subject | Nursing | Pages | 3 | Style | APA |
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Answer
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The Levels of Evidence and Practice Change Impact
Evidence-based practice is the utilization of the scientific method to apply and organize current data to improve healthcare decisions. Levels of evidence are stratified into six different levels; these include level IA, IB, IIA, IIB, III, and IV (Tenny & Varacallo, 2020). Level IA evidence is generated from meta-analyses of well-conducted, multiple, and well-designed randomized trials. Randomized trials generate strongest clinical evidence and the strength of evidence is even greater in meta-analyses of such studies. Level IA evidence can be used for determining efficacy and safety of a new drug (Tenny & Varacallo, 2020). Level IB evidence is generated from a single well-designed and well-conducted randomized control trial. A randomized controlled study is a gold-standard for clinical practice. Level IB evidence can influence decisions such as frequency of bed rounds to improve patient safety and quality of care. Level IIA evidence is obtained from a least one well executed and well-designed non-randomized controlled study. Lack of randomization leads to more bias that is introduced into the study (Tenny & Varacallo, 2020). Level IIA evidence can inform on the efficacy of new diagnostic tests (Roever et al., 2016). Level IIB evidence is obtained from at least one well-designed cohort or case-control study. It is important to note that not all clinical questions can be answered ethically or effectively with a randomized controlled study (Tenny & Varacallo, 2020). Level IIB is useful for understanding pathophysiology of a disease such as cancer (Roever et al., 2016). Level III evidence is obtained from at least one non-experimental study (Tenny & Varacallo, 2020). Level III evidence can be used to determine level of patient satisfaction to care (Roever et al., 2016). Lastly, but not the least Level IV evidence include expert opinions derived from respected authorities on a given subject based on their clinical experience (). Level IV evidence can be used when hospitals who like to adopt new technology in which there are various vendors of the technology such as an electronic healthcare records system.
Reference
Grove, S., & Gray, J. (2018). Understanding Nursing Research E-Book: Building an Evidence-Based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences, 150-380.
Rutberg, S., & Bouikidis, C.D. (2018). Focusing on the fundamentals: A simplistic differentiation between qualitative and quantitative research. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 45(2), 209- 212.
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Choose ONE of the following discussion question options to respond to: Using Adverse Conditions to a Company's AdvantageThis is a discussion question that I need answered. I need the second portion of the questioned answered thoroughly, both bullet points. I have highlighted it in yellow to show that it is what I need answered. I need this r returned to me completed without any grammatical or punctual errors. The company that I want this question written about is Nissan Motor Corporation. - Chakravorti (2010) discusses four methods that corporate innovators use to turn adverse conditions to their advantage. Examine an organization of your choice and briefly discuss how the organization might use one of these methods.
- Using the company of your choice, identify an important and difficult decision that they faced. What were the most important risks and the most important rewards of the decision?
- What data, analysis or perspective would you have used to help Sr. Management decide if the rewards outweighed the risks?
| Subject | Business | Pages | 4 | Style | APA |
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Answer
Training Needs Assessment Introduction Training and development are very instrumental, especially in the current operational context of most organizations that are endeavoring to enhance optimal throughput from the entire resourceful areas of the organization. Training improves employees’ expertise; it gives room and space for ascertaining key crucial extents of employees’ development (Towler, et al. 2014). In order to establish whether employees have the reading level necessary to succeed in a training program, I would employ various techniques as discussed in the following section. First, I will conduct formal interviews and tests that call for reading abilities, experience, and skills. In specific, I would carry out written interviews and tests for the employees at the workplace that would incorporate excerpts that best suits the employees’ reading level for them to read and respond to its related questions. This excerpt, for example, will be based on the objectives of the training, the content, and prior practice settings. This training need evaluation would help to identify employees’ reading behavior and the gaps to be addressed in the training program, which in return would benefit the organization and employees from new training prospects (Gupta, 2011). This will enable me to identify what employees need to know in so far as technical or communication knowledge is concerned, and what they are capable to do in terms of mental or manual skills to realize the intended results and the disposition to execute their roles (attitude). However, it should be noted that, the ability of employees to understand what they read does not resonate with their reading level (Cain, 2011). Furthermore, I would employ an employee performance appraisal interview to identify previous and contemporary performance to find out an area that needs action (Franco-Santos, Lucianetti, & Bourne, 2012). All these are written documents or material that need to be read and interpreted, hence will help in assessing the reading level essential to thrive in a training program. On the other hand, I would use self-assessments, surveys (Garvin, Edmondson, Gino, 2008), and questionnaires. These are all techniques with a regular written format that call for reading. They can be structured based on the attitude of employees, employees’ job content, the standards of employee performance in line with efficiency and outcome, or on the expertise required to execute the roles of the job proficiently (Verrell, McCabe, 2015). In this analysis, I would be able to establish the reading level based on how they respond to the questionnaires and the way and the degree they use to evaluate themselves. Lastly, I would employ focus group discussions which provide an open atmosphere for employees to engage in open written questions on various training requirements as I listen to the way they read and articulate their points out. I would ensure that the topics for discussion are all written, and they should be read within a given period of time before being discussed. This helps in knowing the reading level. Additionally, I would employ desk studies for employees on the organizational documents and the analysis of the records which uses secondary information to help in the identification of training needs (Garvin, Edmondson, Gino, 2008). Employees would be required to give their report which will help me establish their reading level essential to thrive in a training program. .References
- Airlines, S. (2018). Southwest airlines co. 2017 annual report to shareholders. Retrieved from http://investors. Southwest. com/financials/company-reports/annual-reports. Anderson, T. J., Clark, W. M., & Naugle, D. K. (2017). An Introduction to Christian Worldview: Pursuing God's Perspective in a Pluralistic World. InterVarsity Press. Gibson, A., & Augsburger, D. (2019). Honorable in business: business ethics from a Christian perspective. Wipf and Stock Publishers. White, D., & Kirkpatrick, N. (2020). The Role of Biblical Theology in Teaching a Christian Worldview on Business. Christian Business Academy Review, 15. Wu, W., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., & Witlox, F. (2019). Community Detection in Airline Networks: An Empirical Analysis of American vs. Southwest Airlines. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2019, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3032015