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The Skeketal System
QUESTION
use of relevant facts with excellent levels of accuracy, using language that is appropriate to science, accurately with only minor errors. While explaining the functions of skeletal system (1.1) and structure and formation of the bone and cartilage (2.1) you will need to do some independent investigation, and apply your understanding and knowledge. You will need to draw appropriate and relevant diagrams using headings, (sources adapted from) and clearly relating them to your explanation. You should present your answers using language that is appropriate and accessible to your intended audience consistently fluently written. You will be expected to use the Harvard system of referencing accurately. You will be expected to meet all the expectations laid out in the “guidance”, including word limits +/- 10%. The test, will show the above qualities and apply your skills in identifying bones and joints from specimens with excellent levels of accuracy throughout your responses, and a consistently logical approach using scientific language.
Assignment Tasks:
(Criterion 1.1: Explain the general function of the skeleton.)
Task 1: Explain the main 6 functions of the skeleton. ( explain write down and break down all the steps of the main 6 functions of the skeleton.
(Words 300 ± 10%)(Criterion 1.2: Describe the organisation of the skeleton and categorise the bones of the Appendicular and Axial skeleton.)
Task 2:
A. Describe how the skeleton of human body is organised. ( break down by steps and describe how the skeleton of human body is organised)
B. Describe the categories of bones of the Appendicular and Axial skeleton. ( break down by steps and describe the categories of bones of the appendicular and Axial skeleton)
(Words 300 ± 10%)(Criterion 2.1: Explain the structure and formation of bones and cartilage) ( explain write down and break down three steps of the structure and formation of bones and cartilage)
Task 3:
A. Explain the structure of bone and cartilage.
B. Explain the formation of bones and cartilage.
| Subject | Biology | Pages | 11 | Style | APA |
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Answer
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Assignment Brief |
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Title of Access to HE Diploma: Health and Human Sciences
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Unit title: The Skeletal System
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Title of Assignment: The Skeletal System |
Assignment Number: 1 of 1 for this unit |
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1. Understand the structure and function of the skeleton. |
1.1 Explain the general function of the skeleton.
1.2 Describe the organisation of the skeleton and categorise the bones of the Appendicular and Axial skeleton. |
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2. Understand the structure and formation of bo
nes My Response The skeletal system is made up of the bones, cartilage tissue, and ligaments. It gives the body shape and provides support. The skeletal system serves to protect internal organs such as the brain and lungs. It also provides a rigid structure over which the muscles can pull against so as to produce body movements. It consists of 206 bones that are divided into two parts, namely, the axial and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton is composed of bones that are located around the axis of the body. The appendicular skeleton includes all bones that make up the lower and the upper limbs as well as the bones, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton (Hall 2015). Refer to Figure 1.
(Words 300 ± 10%) My Response The Appendicular Skeleton The appendicular skeleton is formed by 126 bones. These bones comprise of the upper limbs, the pectoral girdles, the lower limbs, pelvic girdle and the pelvis. Refer to Figure 1. The Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton is made up of 80 bones. It forms the central and vertical axis of the body. The axial skeleton is formed by the skull, a part of the rib cage, and the vertebral column. The skull is made up of 22 bones with 7 associated bones. The 7 associated bones include ear ossicles (this are made up of three small bones found in the middle ear) and the hyoid bone. The part of the rib cage that forms the axial skeleton includes the sternum and 12 pairs of ribs. On the other hand, the vertebral column is formed by 32 to 34 bones, since the length of the sacral and coccygeal bone may vary from one person to another (Hall 2015). Refer to Figure 1.
(Criterion 2.1: Explain the structure and formation of bones and cartilage) Task 3:
My Response The bones and the cartilages are both considered modified rigid forms of the connective tissue. A connective tissue consists of an extracellular material and cells. Bones have four different main shapes. They may be short, long, irregular, and flat. Bones consist of a web of collagen fibres which are reinforced by phosphorous and calcium. Phosphorous and calcium provides tensile strength; whereas, the collagen fibres provides the bone with flexibility properties (Hall 2015). Cartilage can be described as a semi-rigid, strong, and flexible connective tissue that provides smooth surfaces and flexibility for movement. It is composed of a glycosaminoglycan called chondroitin sulphate that provides it with rubbery texture and resilience. The cartilage is made up of a mixture of elastin fibres and collagen and collagen alone. The cartilage forms a template for formation of long bones and remains on bone ends as articular cartilages. The cartilage also persists in the walls of the airways such as the larynx, the trachea, the nose, and the bronchi (Hall 2015).
(Words 300 ± 10%) My Response The bone is composed of the extracellular matrix and the cells. Bones cells include osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts secrete the bone matrix and link up collagen fibres. Osteocytes forms from osteoblasts when they have been completely embedded in an extracellular matrix and performs the same function as osteoblasts. Osteoclasts break down bones to help maintain bony shape and size. The bone can form as an endochodral tissue; that is into a temporary cartilage scaffold or as an intramembranous tissue; that is direct formation into a fibrous connective tissue (Hall 2015). The cartilage is synthesized by chondroblasts. When chondroblasts are embedded by the dense matrix of elastic fibres and collagen fibres they are considered as chondrocytes. Cartilage is synthesized from a dense mesenchymal tissue. The mesenchymal stem cells usually differentiate into chondroblasts, which start to produce the extracellular matrix that forms the cartilage. The extracellular matrix is made up of glycosaminoglycan, proteoglycans, and fibres (Hall 2015).
and cartilage. |
2.1 Explain the structure and formation of bones and cartilage 2.2 Categorise the different types of bones (e.g. long, short, flat, sesamoid and irregular).
2.3 Identify major bones from both drawings and specimens.
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References
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Hall, JE 2015, Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (Guyton Physiology), 13th edn. Sounders, Philadelphia. Lubopitko-bg. (2019). Organization of the skeletal system. Retrieved on May 08, 2019 from, http://encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com/SkeletalSystem.html Tortora, GJ, and Derrickson, B 2012, Principles of Anatomy & Physiology, 13th edn., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Danvers, MA.
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