THE STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY.

Answer

• The Human Body
• Interactions of the Anatomical Systems in the Body
• Source: Science Kids (2015).
• Basic Structure of the Human Body
• The four basic structures constituting the human body are cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
• According to Moore, Dalley & Agur (2013), two or more organs function jointly to form the various body systems as follows:
• The nervous system: consists of nerves that collect and transmit information to the brain and spinal cord for actions such as muscle contraction.
• Cardiovascular system: Consists of the heart that pumps blood throughout the body via arteries and veins to ensure nutrients and oxygen are delivered to tissues and waste products removed from the tissues.
• Respiratory system: Consists of the nose, trachea, and lungs that provide passage for air to the body and elimination of CO2.
• Digestive system: Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines that carry out chemical and mechanical processes to break down food and provide nutrients.
• Excretory system: Consists of kidney, liver, and skin that eliminate urea, bilirubin, and minerals such as potassium respectively.
• Endocrine system: Consists of glands such as the pancreas, thyroid, pituitary, and the adrenals that produce hormones for body communication to change various functions.
• Musculoskeletal system: Consists of bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage that support the body and major organs. The muscles enable body movement.
• Integumentary system: Consists of the skin that contains and protect internal organs and function as a sensory organ. The system also consists of sebaceous and sweat glands as well as nails and hair.
• Reproductive system: Consists of the external genitalia and the gamete producing ovaries and testes. The role of the system is the production of offspring.
• The interrelationship of body systems to maintain growth
• The systems work to ensure that the body gets the nutrients it requires to maintain growth by carrying out digestion and absorption.
• The digestive system have enzymes that break down food to smaller particles that can be easily transported by the circulatory.
• Additionally, the nervous system regulates and coordinates digestion of food and absorption.
• McClements (2013) opines that the lymphatic system also participates in the transportation of lipids and fat-soluble nutrients.
• The proprioceptors in the joints and skeletal muscles helps in the identification of the body position to avoid accidents due to inaccurate body positioning (Pettorossi & Schieppati, 2014).
• The vestibular system provides a sense of spatial orientation and body balance to enable balanced movements.
• Pulmonary functioning is also enabled by the actions of the skeletal system, nervous system, and respiratory system.
• The intercostal muscles contract and relax to enable flow of air towards and out of the lungs.
• The nervous system stimulates the muscles to contract while the nose and trachea provides passage for the airflow.
• Lastly, the lungs provide vast surface for gaseous exchange.
• Excretion helps the body to get rid of waste products.
• The lungs, skin, liver, and kidneys participate in excretion of CO2, excess potassium, bilirubin, and urea respectively.
• Similarly, there are several organs coordinated to regulate body temperature.
• The sweat glands produce sweat that cool off the body while the liver regulates exothermic and endothermic processes to control temperature.
• Metabolism
• Source: wiseGEEK (2016)
• Metabolism entails the chemical activities within the body that enables tissue replacement, reproduction, elimination of wastes, and food conversion to energy.
• The currency for the body’s energy supply is Adenosine Triphosphate, ATP (Gropper & Smith, 2012).
• The normal average Basal Metabolic Rate is estimated around 1800kCal per day.
• The body ensures that the energy supply is constantly adjusted to meet the demand.
• The liver can carry out gluconeogenesis to increase amount of body energy.
• Metabolic rate increases during physical activities to provide energy required to make the efforts.
• According to Terracciano et al. (2013), old age is associated with low BMR due to physical inactivity.
• Lastly, stress reduces BMR due to the disruption on the digestive system and reduced ingestion and absorption of food.
• Growth
• Growth starts during the intrauterine life and stops when the body is adapted to survive in the surrounding environment, especially, at around the age of 25(Cameron & Bogin, 2012).
• Growth entails mitotic cell division and the size increases reversibly.
• The cells require nutrients and oxygen provided by the circulating blood to divide.
• Adequate removal of waste products is also indispensable for optimal growth.
• Rebucci& Michiels (2013) posit that it is the unregulated mitotic proliferation of cells that leads to cancers.
• Tissue turnover
• Tissues such as the hair, nails, and skin are constantly replaced by production of new cells.
• The skin acts as protection from external abrasions and suffers wear and tear.
• Therefore, its epithelial cells undergo frequent mitotic divisions to replace worn out cells.
• Bonaldo & Sandri (2013) opine that muscle atrophy is a common phenomenon when muscles are disused for a prolonged duration.
• As such, the muscles become smaller in size and less active.
• Development
• Development is the increase in tissue complexity to perform specific functions.
• During adolescence, the cells of the reproductive system continues to differentiate.
• For instance, differentiation of sperm and egg cells.
• Appropriate Solutions and Effective Approach to Study
• Create a study plan
• Sufficient stress management
• Use of summary notes
• Use of keyword mnemonics
• Conducting series of tests

for generalizing the study’s findings.