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        1. QUESTION

         

        This is a position paper.
        Purpose: You will learn how to write a persuasive argument regarding an ethical issue.

        Outcome Met by Completing This Assignment:

        1. Identify ethical issues that arise in domestic and global business environments using an understanding of ethical concepts and of legal and business principles

        2. Develop and evaluate alternatives to, and recommend solutions for, ethical dilemmas, taking into account ethical and legal requirements and the essential mission of the business enterprise

        3. Effectively communicate to internal and external business stakeholders the complexities of ethical issues suggesting and analyzing various solutions in order to ensure appropriate business practices and accountability

        Instructions:

        NOTE: All submitted work is to be your original work. You may not use any work from another student, the Internet or an online clearinghouse. You are expected to understand the Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism Policy, and know that it is your responsibility to learn about instructor and general academic expectations with regard to proper citation of sources as specified in the APA Publication Manual, 6th Ed. (Students are held accountable for in-text citations and an associated reference list only).

        Step 1: Preparation for the Assignment

        Before you begin writing the assignment, you will read the following requirements that will help you meet the writing and APA requirements. Not reading this information will lead to a lower grade:
        Read the grading rubric for the assignment. Use the grading rubric while writing the report to ensure all requirements are met that will lead to the highest possible grade.
        Third person writing is required. Third person means that there are no words such as “I, me, my, we, or us” (first person writing), nor is there use of “you or your” (second person writing). If uncertain how to write in the third person, view this link: http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/first-second-and-third-person.
        Contractions are not used in business writing, so you are expected NOT to use contractions in writing this assignment.
        You are expected to paraphrase and NOT use direct quotes. You are expected to paraphrase, which can be learned by reviewing this link: https://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/QPA_paraphrase2.html.
        You are responsible for APA only for in-text citations and a reference list.
        You are expected to use the facts from the case scenario paired with the weekly courses readings to develop the analysis and support the reasoning. Books cannot be used as resources for this assignment. The expectation is that you use of the course readings and that research is done on the topic. If any material is used from a source document, it must be cited and referenced and the page or paragraph number must be provided. A reference within a reference list cannot exist without an associated in-text citation and vice versa. View the sample APA paper to gain a better understanding of how to use APA within the paper.

        Step 2: How to Set Up the Paper

        Create a Word or Rich Text Format (RTF) document that is double-spaced, 12-point font. The final product will be between 4-6 pages in length excluding the title page and reference page. It is important to write clearly and concisely.

        Create a title page with title, your name, the course, the instructor’s name and date
        Introduction
        Introduce the topic
        Provide background on the topic to explain why it is important
        Assert the thesis (your view of the issue). The thesis indicates the topic and your approach as well as to pique the interest of the reader.
        Counter Argument
        Summarize the counterclaims
        Provide support for counterclaims
        Refute the counterclaims
        Give evidence for argument
        Argument
        Assert point #1 of your claims
        Provide your thoughts and ideas supported using a minimum of two sources
        Assert point #2 of your claims
        Provide your thoughts and ideas supported using a minimum of two sources
        Assert point #3 of your claims
        Provide your thoughts and ideas supported using a minimum of two sources

        Conclusion
        Restate/Summarize argument
        Bring paper full circle reflecting on the importance of the arguments and conclude their development.

        Source: Writing a Position Paper (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.sfu.ca/cmns/130d1/WritingaPositionPaper.htm

        Step 3: Getting Started

        A position paper provides a point of view and can be view as taking a side in a debate. What you want to keep in mind as you research and write the paper is that the viewpoint is yours but it is necessary to support your ideas, reasoning and conclusions.

        Before starting, read the topic in Step 4 and lay out a plan for researching the topic. You will note that you have been given a few articles to get you started but the research you will do goes beyond these articles and must focus on identifying the ethical issue and taking a stance based on the ethical nature of the statement.

        To present a fair and convincing argument, you will research and present the counterclaims to the position you take and refute the other positions.

        Step 4: Read the articles below to gain a sense of the issue at stake. Research the issue further so that you are able to take a position.

        Nestlé CEO: Water Is Not a Human Right, Should Be Privatized

        Nestlé’s Attempt to Completely Privatize (Steal) Water in Oregon Put to a Stop: “Our Water, Our Future”

        Nestlé’s Peter Braback: Our Attitude Towards Water Needs to Change

        Step 5: Create the introductory paragraph. Within this paragraph, provide a brief overview of the scenario. Then, provide a thesis statement and tell the reader the main topics covered in the paper. The introduction comes at the beginning of the paper and tells a reader the main topics covered in the paper. View this website to learn how to write an introductory paragraph: http://www.writing.ucsb.edu/faculty/donelan/intro.html

        Step 6: You will write a position paper in response to the quote below:

        To write a position paper, you will first organize and outline the counterclaims and your viewpoints on the issue. Be sure to frame the discussion to define the key points covered in the paper. Establish credibility by supporting the reasoning and conclusions using the course readings and your research.

        Quote:

        “Water is not a right for all humans and; therefore, can become the property of a business.”

        Step 7: Writing Steps

        Use the topic provided in Step 6
        Gather sources using the library, the classroom and the Internet (scholarly articles). Make sure that you have information that supports more than one viewpoint.
        Read the source documents and decide on a claim statement. The claim statement is the thesis of your paper.
        Use the gathered sources to prepare the thesis.
        Consider preparing an outline based on the steps provided in Step 2.
        Identifying the ethical issue.
        Present the counterclaims, your position on the counterclaims including evidence to refute the counterarguments.
        Then, write your paper by presenting your position. Argue your position by making three appropriate reasons with at least two supporting details for each reason;
        Lastly, conclude the paper by restating/summarizing the argument. Refer to the opening statements and main points made throughout the paper. Reflect on the importance of the arguments and conclude their development.

        Step 8: Proofread the paper for spelling and grammatical issues and third person writing as this assignment requires college-level writing.

        Use the spell and grammar check in Word as a first measure;
        Have someone who has excellent English skills to proof the paper;
        Consider submitting the paper to the Effective Writing Center (EWC). The EWC will provide 4-6 areas that may need improvement.

        Step 9: Submit the paper in the Assignment Folder (The assignment submitted to the Assignment Folder will be considered a student’s final product and therefore ready for grading by the instructor. It is incumbent upon the student to verify the assignment is the correct submission. No exceptions will be considered by the instructor).
        Due Date

        Jul 30, 2017 11:59 PM
        Hide Rubrics
        Rubric Name: Position Paper (20%)
        Criteria 1 Outstanding Superior Good Substandard Failure
        Introduction and background of topic, including position of each side 2 points
        Introduces the topic, provides background on the topic to explain why it is important and asserts the thesis and approach in a clear and concise manner and comprehensively discusses the main points in the paper and piques the interest of the reader.
        (1.8 – 2.0)
        1.7 points
        Introduces the topic, provides background on the topic to explain why it is important and asserts the thesis and approach in a clear manner but further development of the main points of the paper is needed.

        (1.6 – 1.79)

        1.5 points
        Introduces the topic, provides background on the topic to explain why it is important and asserts the thesis and approach with some explanation of the general idea of the main points of the paper.

        (1.4 – 1.59)

        1.3 points
        Attempts to introduce the topic, provides some background on the topic,and attempts to assert the thesis and approach but is irrelevant to the thesis.

        (1.2 – 1.39)

        0 points
        No attempt at presenting an introduction.

        (0)

        Criteria 2 Outstanding Excellent Good Substandard Failure
        Ethical Issue 2 points
        Central ethical issue is identified thoroughly, concisely and logically concluded with a thorough use of research.

        (1.8 – 2.0)

        1.7 points
        Central ethical issue is identified but argument needs more detailed development and/or support.

        (1.6 – 1.79)

        1.5 points
        Attempts to define ethical issue but not defined appropriately or completely. Misunderstanding of the issue related to the situation. Some reasoning; minimal use of support.

        (1.4 – 1.59)

        1.3 points
        Attempts to define ethical issue concluded with little or no use of reasoning and support.

        ( 1.2 – 1.39)

        0 points
        Failed to identify ethical issue and no support provided.

        (0)

        Criteria 3 Outstanding Excellent Good Sustandard Failure
        Argument Against Thesis 4 points
        Addresses and/or refutes argument(s) against position that is thoroughly, concisely and logically concluded with a thorough use of research without undercutting position.

        (3.6 – 4.0)

        3.4 points
        Addresses and/or refutes argument(s) against position that is clearly, and soundly reasoned and concluded through the use of research but argument needs more detailed development.

        (3.2 – 3.59)

        3 points
        Addresses and/or refutes argument(s) against position with some reasoning; minimal use of research.

        (2.8 – 3.19)

        2.6 points
        Does not address and/or refute any argument(s) against position with little or no use of reasoning and research.

        (2.4 – 2.79)

        0 points
        Failed to provide argument against thesis.

        (0)

        Argument in favor of thesis 4 points
        Takes a strong, well defined position; Supports position with thorough and
        concise argument(s) that uses at least three appropriate reasons with at
        least two supporting details for each reason.
        (3.6 – 4.0)
        3.4 points
        Clear position taken and defined and soundly reasoned and concluded through the use of research but argument needs more detailed development.

        (3.2 – 3.59)

        3 points
        Position not clearly stated; development is brief; unrelated, unsupported general statements, reasons, and details; minimal research used.

        (2.8 – 3.19)

        2.6 points
        No clear position taken; reasons undeveloped;
        little or no use of reasoning and research.

        (2.4 – 2.79)
        0 points
        Fails to present position and provide support.

        (0)

        Criteria 4 Outstanding Superior Good Substandard Failure
        Conclusions 2 points
        In a clear and concise manner, comprehensively concludes the paper by restating/ summarizing the argument. Refer to the opening statements and main points made throughout the paper. Reflect on the importance of the arguments and conclude their development.

        (1.8 – 2.0)

        1.7 points
        In a clear manner concludes the paper by restating/ summarizing the argument. Refer to the o main points made throughout the paper. Attempts to reflect on the importance of the arguments but further development of the main points of the paper is needed.

        (1.6 – 1.79)

        1.5 points
        Concludes the paper by somewhat restating/ summarizing the argument. Attempts to the bring in some explanation of the general idea of the main points of the paper.

        (1.4 – 1.59)

        1.5 points
        Attempts to restate/summarize the argument but explanations are irrelevant to the main points of the paper.

        (1.2 – 1.39)

        0 points
        Fails to present restatement/summarization of argument.

        (0)

        Criteria 5 Outstanding Excellent Good Substandard Failure
        Attention to Instructions 3 points
        The paper contains all major assignment tasks. The paper also includes completion of all minor aspects of the assignment such as third person writing, required use of course readings, outside sources if needed, and assignment format.

        (2.7 – 3.0)

        2.55 points
        The paper contains all major assignment tasks. The paper missed one minor aspects of the assignment such as third person writing, required use of course readings, outside sources if needed, and assignment format.

        (2.4 – 2.69)

        2.25 points
        One major assignment tasks or two minor aspects of the assignment missed.

        (2.1 – 2.39)

        1.95 points
        Two major assignment tasks and/or three or more minor aspects of the assignments missed.

        (1.8 – 2.09)

        0 points
        Three or more major assignment tasks missed.

        (0)

        Criteria 6 Outstanding Superior Good Substandard Failure
        Writing Mechanics 2 points
        Strictly adheres to standard usage rules of written English using paragraphs and sentence rather than bullets, including but not limited to capitalization, punctuation, run-on sentences, missing or extra words, stylistic errors, spelling and grammatical errors. No contractions or jargon used. Zero to two errors noted.

        (1.8 – 2.0)

        1.7 points
        Excellently adheres to standard usage of mechanics: conventions of written English, including capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. Three to six errors noted.

        (1.6 – 1.79)

        1.5 points
        Satisfactorily adheres to standard usage rules of mechanics: conventions of English, including capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. Seven to 10 errors noted.

        (1.4 – 1.59)

        1.3 points
        Minimally adheres to standard usage rules of mechanics: conventions of written English, including capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. More than 10 errors found.

        (1.2 – 1.39)

        0 points
        Does not adhere to standard usage rules of mechanics: conventions of written English largely incomprehensible; or errors are too plentiful to count.

        (0)

        Criteria 7 Outstanding Superior Good Substandard Failure
        Adherence to APA (6th ed.) 1 point
        One to 2 APA style or usage errors; Proper citation of source material is used throughout paper; Reference titles follow APA with only the first word, the first word after a colon and proper nouns capitalized.

        (0.9 – 1.0)

        0.85 points
        Attempts in-text citations and reference list but 3 – 4 APA style errors noted or fails to use APA citations when appropriate 1-2 times.

        (0.8 – 0.89)

        0.75 points
        Attempts in-text citations and reference lists; APA style errors are noted throughout document with 5-6 errors noted; Fails to use APA citations when appropriate 3 – 4 times in document.

        (0.7 – 0.79)

        0.65 points
        Attempts in-text citations and reference lists; Fails to use APA citation when appropriate 5-6 times; Fails to use APA citations when appropriate 5-6 times in document or presents a total of 1-2 in-text citations and reference list in a paper when requires APA citations are needed throughout the document.

        (0.6 – 0.69)

        0 points
        No attempt at APA style; or attempts either in-text citations or reference list but omits the other.

        (0 – 0.59)

        Overall Score Outstanding
        18 or more Superior
        16 or more Good
        14 or more Substandard
        12 or more Failure
        0 or more
        Submit Files

         

 

Subject Ethics Pages 12 Style APA

Answer

Water is not a Right for all Humans and, therefore, can become the Property of a Business

The vital aspect of whether water should be deemed as a human right or as a commodity has brought forth contentious debates over time (Young & Loomis, 2014). To a substantive number of communities, water is a resource that is deemed a utility service. This inherently means that taxpayers mandate the recycling, distribution, and treatment of water. Treating water as a business commodity would take the process from the public domain and instead bring about corporations to take over the systems –an arrangement that people think would only help the entities. It is pragmatic that water is indeed a precious resource. It is important to take note that as the demand for water increases, its availability decreases.

The conflict of whether to treat water as a human right or business commodity has remained very intense throughout the divide. A significant number of people do not comprehend what it means to treat water as a business commodity, and to that effect, most of them tend to oppose the ideology with unsubstantiated arguments (Thompson, 2011). Treating water as a business commodity means that entities can generate private property rights allowing them to trade water just like any other asset by entities which own them. This model is quite diverse and dynamic from the arguments that have been leveled against these claims. Many people argue that water, aside from being a human right, is indeed a public good. This means that everyone owns water, but individuals only buy the right to use the water.

Water as a Business Commodity; is it a Good Call or a Bad Call?

Taking into consideration the advantages that have been leveled in support of this, it is argued that with such an arrangement in place, water efficiency would increase which would thereby lead to improved water distribution. This, together with multivariate cost saving techniques would result in significantly lower bills for individuals. Outsourcing water as a private commodity would make it easier for the division of maintenance costs of the water networks. Historically, it is important to take note that for several millennia individuals have brought forth multivariate forms of control with respect to water, as well as other water related interactions with principles, practices, and institutions of government, allocation and management of water with the possibility of treating it as a commodity that is to be traded.

Indeed, trading water with the aim of making profits has been prevalent for a very long time. During the pre-historic times, rules and regulations were established to fairness in the allocation and subsequent protection of water resources to vulnerable sectors of society from water profiteers (Peet & Watts, 2010). For instance, it was an offense to vend water in case of essential community consumption. On the other hand, individuals had the inherent right to safeguard the access of water for both human and animal use, and the underlying principle that no one should be denied access to water. Practically, specific regulations of social control that emanated were a clear depiction of the incompatible and diverse rationalities that have taken multivariate forms including the treatment of water as a business commodity.

However, it is paramount to understand that these resulting principles and diverse rationalities have survived until the present times and for instance, it is quite apparent to establish their material expressions in contemporary issues with respect to commodification of water. In this regard, it is my argument that water is a commodity. It has been an often repeated concept that it can be deemed to have a relatively weak empirical correspondence. Although relentless, the process of capital rationalization of water commodification and valuation are deeply fragmented, embryonic and rather patchy in comparison to the commodification of other resources (Shiva, 2016). Looking at the empirical issues surrounding water as a natural resource –from small scale to vast management –it is possible to establish an intricate web of irrational and rational issues that have been manifested in the most pretentious scientific explanations and theories.

Ancient beliefs, principles, practices, and myths that have been prevalent in the development of human history are delineated to be closely knitted with modern day nostrums and doctrines on the arguments for and against water –a natural element –and relative to multifold uses (Carr et al., 2013). This is quite notable in coherence of the forms of commodification that have been manifested across the divide. A good number of the underlying assumptions underpinning the prevailing entities, practices, and principles of treating water as a commodity is informed as much by rational doctrines as they are by the mythical thinking, beliefs and short term interests. This should not be mistaken as part of the academic disquisition that has been in the public domain with respect to social control of water, but as a realization of the fact that water in recent times, has been more of a business commodity as opposed to just a human right.

Water utilities, whether in public or private domain, have significant contribution towards the livelihood of people. It is an integral resource that should be treated quite imperatively. In the event that such a resource is mismanaged, it becomes tenacious and detrimental to human beings as well as animals (Bayliss, 2014. For example, the provision of high-quality water supply and treatment facilities are an integral aspect in assuring health and public safety. Water utilities seek to provide the inherent but important water services at a reasonable price to all.  Often, the utilities aim to meet many a good number of concerns such as provision of employment opportunities to people, environmental stewardship, and community social responsibility just to mention. With the commodification of water, the challenges of attaining new regulations –especially those resonating to wastewater effluent and drinking water quality standards –are easily attained.

Community Concerns

With the advent of water commodification, many concerns have been raised. One of the most paramount issues raised by the community regards ownership and operations arrangements. Society, in most cases, is concerned about the effects of privatizing the natural resource and its effects on their social and economic livelihoods. Aside from that, they are also concerned about the quality of the water and the consistency in the reception of water. These, together with very many other concerns, have made the efforts of water commodification to be very hard. Although water is a human right, the access, control, distribution and its management is very important.

Upon this realization, it is important for both communities and technocrats to come up with comprehensive mechanisms to ensure that the issues that are raised by communities are taken into consideration and addressed amicably. Subsequently, it is important to have in place stringent rules and regulations to combat the cartels that would want to take advantage of their control over water with the main aim of mandating their selfish interests while maximizing their profits. The decision on whether to trade water as a business commodity or not is a complex one. Therefore, all the economic concerns and policies ought to be tailor made and articulated impeccably.

In conclusion, the issue of treating water as either a commodity or a human right has been a contentious issue from time to time. Those who oppose the treatment of water as a commodity assert that there has been an increased control of water by multinationals and a fear that the poor will always be left out because the corporation’s responsibilities are to increase their profits as opposed to accountability. To this effect, many people will be disadvantaged as they will not be able to effectively afford water due to financial constraints. Many countries across the divide are in support of commodification of water and have taken the necessary measures towards this form of water management with some of them have even going to the extent of removing subsidies to make it affordable to all.

 

 

References

Bayliss, K. (2014). The financialization of water. Review of Radical Political Economics, 46(3), 292-307.

Carr, J. A., D’Odorico, P., Laio, F., & Ridolfi, L. (2013). Recent history and geography of virtual water trade. PloS one, 8(2), e55825.

Peet, R., Robbins, P., & Watts, M. (Eds.). (2010). Global political ecology. Routledge.

Shiva, V. (2016). Water wars: Privatization, pollution, and profit. North Atlantic Books.

Thompson Jr, B. H. (2011). Water as a public commodity. Marq. L. Rev., 95, 17.

Young, R. A., & Loomis, J. B. (2014). Determining the economic value of water: concepts and methods. Routledge.

 

 

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